gender democracy

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Gender democracy is a normative idea related to gender mainstreaming. Its aim is to achieve democratic conditions between men and women within society as a whole, as well as within companies, bureaucracies, and other organizations. Among other things, this is realized by means of gender trainings that raise awareness of existing inequalities and develop methods to democratize relations between genders. The term gender democracy was first coined and developed by German sociologist Halina Bedkowski.[http://www.linksnet.de/de/artikel/18582 Jenseits von EMMA. Oder: Wie werden das Wissen und die Diskussionen des Feminismus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201173101/http://www.linksnet.de/de/artikel/18582 |date=2016-12-01 }}, UTOPIE kreativ. No. 158, Dezember 2003, pp. 1144–1146.[https://books.google.com/books?id=oi9aL8iX8NoC&dq=halina+bendkowski&pg=PA228 Jeffrey J. Anderson, Eric Langenbacher, From the Bonn to the Berlin Republic] {{ISBN|978-0-85745-221-4}} - see p. 228 (footnote 23)

History of the term

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According to Halina Bendkowski she developed the term and concept of gender democracy in the early 1990s during a "research trip to the US, which had been commissioned by Austria's Minister for Women, Johanna Dohal, with the aim of identifying innovative projects against domestic violence."[http://www.linksnet.de/de/artikel/18582 Jenseits von EMMA. Oder: Wie werden das Wissen und die Diskussionen des Feminismus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201173101/http://www.linksnet.de/de/artikel/18582 |date=2016-12-01 }}, UTOPIE kreativ. No. 158, Dezember 2003, pp. 1144–1146. The original German quotation reads: "...im Auftrag der österreichischen Frauenministerin Johanna Dohnal in den USA nach innovativen Projekten gegen häusliche Gewalt recherchierte" Subsequently, in 1993, the term appeared on the title of a publication edited by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education and Women's Affairs, "Test the West: Geschlechterdemokratie und Gewalt" (Test the West: Gender Democracy and Violence).Test the West: Geschlechterdemokratie und Gewalt (vol. 1 of "Gewalt gegen Frauen, Frauen gegen Gewalt"), ed. by Johanna Dohnal, Bundesministerin für Frauenangelegenheiten, Wien 1993

The pioneers of gender democracy refused to provide a fixed and static definition of the term. Bedkowski stated: "As soon as a term has been defined in a dictionary and recycled by other theorists, it will have lost most of its vitality. It is true, terms are alive - and this is especially true for terms that have been developed in the course of actual political conflicts."[http://www.linksnet.de/de/artikel/18582 Jenseits von EMMA. Oder: Wie werden das Wissen und die Diskussionen des Feminismus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201173101/http://www.linksnet.de/de/artikel/18582 |date=2016-12-01 }}, UTOPIE kreativ. No. 158, Dezember 2003, pp. 1144–1146. The original German quotation reads: "Sobald Begriffe lexikalisch erfasst und theorierecycelt sind, haben sie ihr vitales Leben schon meist hinter sich. Ja, auch Begriffe leben, besonders die, die für und in politischen Realauseinandersetzungen gewonnen worden sind." Gunda Werner, who in 1999 outlined the basic tenets of gender democracy for the Heinrich Böll Foundation, explained: "Gender democracy has no ready-made theoretical or practical precepts. It is an exploratory movement in search of new outlooks and models."[http://www.gwi-boell.de/sites/default/files/uploads/2014/04/zehn_thesen_von_gunda_werner_zu_geschlechterdemokratie_1999.pdf Gunda Werner: Geschlechterdemokratie 2000. Zehn Thesen zur Diskussion], PDF, October 1999The original German quotation reads: "Die Geschlechterdemokratie hat weder fertige praktische noch theoretische Konzepte. Sie ist eine Suchbewegung nach neuen Orientierungen und Modellen." Despite this, some of the fundamentals of gender democracy can be defined:

Gender democracy is a normative precept, that is, an absolute moral and ethical postulate.
Gender democracy posits that the principles of democracy should not be limited to the sphere of politics but equally apply to the workplace and to personal life.[http://www.gwi-boell.de/en/2012/01/10/gender-democracy-goal-and-organisational-principle Gender democracy as a goal and an organisational principle], Gunda Werner Institute, January 2012. See the following statement: "Gender democracy must be realised on all levels of society: on a political, social and organisational level as well as on the level of everyday interactions. On a social and personal level this also means leaving behind structural patterns of hegemonic masculinity which continue to shape career paths and hierarchies in many companies and institutions."

Goals and methods

Gender democracy aims to achieve the equal participation of women and men in politics, the corporate world, and in all parts of society by reforming and abolishing undemocratic structures and all forms of power that are based on oppression and violence. This approach is based on a broad definition of democracy - one that demands equal rights and opportunities for people in all their diversity. As there is a large number of gender identities, gender democracy rejects the male // female dichotomy, arguing instead that each human being - female, male, or otherwise - must have the right and the ability to self-determine their lifestyles, type of relationships in ways that go beyond stereotypical notions and any type of essentialism about men and women.[http://www.gwi-boell.de/en/2012/01/10/gender-democracy-goal-and-organisational-principle Gender democracy as a goal and an organisational principle], Gunda Werner Institute, January 2012

Gender democracy investigates and questions structures and contents of democratic systems that were developed by men in order to transform them in ways that provide for gender equality. A key tool for implementing gender democracy are the so-called "gender traings" that aim to question traditional gender roles, analyze the social framework, and develop methods that provide for greater gender equality within organizations.