generally recognized as safe

On 6 September 1958, the Food Additives Amendment of 1958 was signed into law, with a list of 700 food substances that were exempt from the then-new requirement that manufacturers test food additives before putting them on the market. On August 31, 1960, William W. Goodrich, assistant general counsel of the FDA, addressed the annual meeting (16 Bus. Law. 107 1960–1961) of the FFDCA. The purpose of the meeting was the forthcoming March 6, 1961, effective date of the enforcement provisions of the "Food Additives Amendment of 1958", referred to as GRAS.{{cite journal |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/busl16&div=14&id=&page= |title=Address to the FFDCA concerning GRAS |journal=Business Lawyer (Aba) |volume=16 |pages=107|date=November 1960 |publisher=HeinOnline |access-date= 2010-11-27|last1=Goodrich |first1=William W. }}

A GRAS determination can be self-affirmed or the FDA can be notified of a determination of GRAS by qualified non-governmental experts:

• Self-affirmed. The manufacturer of this chemical or substance had performed all necessary research, including the formation of an expert panel to review safety concerns, and is prepared to use these findings to defend its product's GRAS status.
• FDA Response to GRAS notification. The manufacturer has performed all the aforementioned due diligence, and submitted a GRAS notification to inform the FDA of a determination that the use of a substance is GRAS. Following evaluation, the FDA provides three possible responses: 1. FDA does not question the basis for the notifier's GRAS determination, 2. the notification does not provide a sufficient basis for GRAS determination, or 3. the FDA has, at the notifier's request, ceased to evaluate the GRAS notice.

{{as of|2021|January}} (beginning in 1998), 955 ingredient or food substances have been filed with the FDA.{{cite web|url=https://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=GRASNotices|title=List of GRAS Notices|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|date=25 January 2021|access-date=30 January 2021}} These petitions, submitted by sponsors or manufacturers, are reviewed for the safety evidence contained in the document. FDA posts status of the review as either without further questions (as a position of "no objection") or the petition is withdrawn by the applicant.

For substances used in food prior to January 1, 1958, a grandfather clause allows experience based on common use in food to be used in asserting an ingredient is safe under the conditions of their intended use.{{cite web |title=FDA's Approach to the GRAS Provision: A History of Processes |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/fdas-approach-gras-provision-history-processes |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=30 January 2021 |date=4 January 2018}}

The FDA can also explicitly withdraw the GRAS classification, as it did for trans fat in 2015.{{cite news |last1=Jalonik |first1=Mary Clare |title=FDA tells food industry to phase out artificial trans fats |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/06/16/fda-tells-food-industry-phase-out-artificial-trans-fats/UAiibLOV27UY1iOWGQC4HJ/story.html |access-date=July 16, 2019 |work=Boston Globe |agency=Associated Press |date=June 16, 2015 |quote=To phase the fats out, the FDA made a preliminary determination in 2013 that partially hydrogenated oils no longer fall in the agency’s “generally recognized as safe” category, which covers thousands of additives that manufacturers can use in foods without FDA review. The agency made that decision final Tuesday, giving food companies until June 2018 to phase them out.}}

The list of GRAS notices is updated approximately each month by the FDA.

The Code of Federal Regulations, revised {{as of|2020|April|1|lc=y|df=US}},{{cite web |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=50&showFR=1 |title=CRF revised statutes: Protection of human subjects, general provisions|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal Regulations|date=1 April 2020 |access-date= 30 January 2021}} includes (CFR) title 21 170.30(b) that provides general recognition of safety through scientific procedures requires the same quantity and quality of scientific evidence needed to obtain approval of the substance as a food additive.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/guidance-industry-summary-table-recommended-toxicological-testing-additives-used-food |title=Guidance for Industry: Summary Table of Recommended Toxicological Testing for Additives Used in Food (June 2006, updated periodically) |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |date=2020-09-20|access-date=2021-01-30}} and ordinarily is based upon published studies, which may be corroborated by unpublished studies and other data and information.

The substance must be shown to be "generally recognized" as safe under the conditions of its intended use. For new proposals, the proponent of the exemption {{ndash}} usually a food manufacturer or ingredient supplier wishing to highlight a food ingredient in its manufactured product {{ndash}} has the burden of providing rigorous scientific evidence that use of the substance in an edible consumer product is safe. To establish GRAS, the proponent must show that there is a consensus of expert opinion that the substance is safe for its intended use. For existing GRAS items, new uses should not substantially exceed historical occurrence levels of the substance in the diet.

When use of a substance does not qualify for the GRAS exemption, it is subject to the premarket approval mandated by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In such circumstances, the FDA can take enforcement action to stop distribution of the food substance and foods containing it on the grounds that such foods are not deemed GRAS or contain an unlawfully added ingredient.{{cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-04-17/pdf/97-9706.pdf |title=Federal Register Proposed Rules – 62 FR 18937 April 17, 1997 – Substances Generally Recognized as Safe [Docket No. 97N–0103]|publisher=Federal Register, US Department of Health and Human Services|date=17 April 1997|access-date=30 January 2021}}

An example of a non-GRAS ingredient requiring enforcement actions in the form of FDA warning letters to 15 companies in 2019 was cannabidiol,{{cite web |title=FDA warns 15 companies for illegally selling various products containing cannabidiol as agency details safety concerns |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-15-companies-illegally-selling-various-products-containing-cannabidiol-agency-details |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=30 January 2021 |date=25 November 2019}} which, as of 2021, had not been established with sufficient scientific evidence of safety as a GRAS ingredient.{{cite web |author1=Stephen M Hahn |title=Better Data for a Better Understanding of the Use and Safety Profile of Cannabidiol (CBD) Products |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/fda-voices/better-data-better-understanding-use-and-safety-profile-cannabidiol-cbd-products |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=30 January 2021 |date=8 January 2021}}

• Generally recognized as safe and effective
• Novel food
• Substantial equivalence

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-food-feeds/generally-recognized-safe-gras-notification-program GRAS Notification Program, FDA, January 2020]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Generally Recognized As Safe}}

Category:Food additives

Category:Food safety

Category:Chemical safety

Category:Food and Drug Administration

Category:Food law