generative science

File:Airplane vortex edit.jpg in the tip vortex from an airplane wing. Studies of the critical point beyond which a system creates turbulence were important for chaos theory, analyzed for example by the Soviet physicist Lev Landau who developed the Landau-Hopf theory of turbulence. David Ruelle and Floris Takens later predicted, against Landau, that fluid turbulence could develop through a strange attractor, a main concept of chaos theory.]]

File:Forest of synthetic pyramidal dendrites grown using Cajal's laws of neuronal branching.png of the branching architecture of the dendrites of pyramidal neurons.{{Cite journal |author=Hermann Cuntz | doi = 10.1371/image.pcbi.v06.i08 | title = PLoS Computational Biology Issue Image | Vol. 6(8) August 2010 | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = ev06.ei08 | year = 2010 | doi-access = free }}]]

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The development of computers and automata theory laid a technical foundation for the growth of the generative sciences. For example:

• Cellular automata are mathematical representations of simple entities interacting under deterministic rules to manifest complex behaviours. They can be used to model emergent processes of the physical universe, neural cognitive processes and social behavior.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.3 | last1 = Kenrick | first1 = DT | last2 = Li | first2 = NP | last3 = Butner | first3 = J | title = Dynamical evolutionary psychology: individual decision rules and emergent social norms | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 110 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–28 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12529056 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.526.5218 | s2cid = 43306158 }}{{cite book|first1=Joshua M.|last1=Epstein|author-link1=Joshua M. Epstein|first2=Robert L.|last2=Axtell|author-link2=Robert Axtell|year=1996|title=Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science From the Bottom Up|publisher=MIT/Brookings Institution|location=Cambridge MA|page=[https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224 224]|isbn=978-0-262-55025-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224}}{{citation |author=Nowak A. |author2=Vallacher R.R. |author3=Tesser A. |author4=Borkowski W. |year=2000 |title=Society of Self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure |journal=Psychological Review |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=39–61 |pmid=10687402 |doi=10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.39}}{{citation |author=Epstein J.M. |year=1999 |title=Agent Based Computational Models and Generative Social Science |journal=Complexity |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=41–60 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5<41::AID-CPLX9>3.0.CO;2-F|bibcode=1999Cmplx...4e..41E |citeseerx=10.1.1.353.5950 }}
• Conway's Game of Life is a zero-player game based on cellular automata, meaning that the only input is in setting the initial conditions, and the game is to see how the system evolves.[http://www.bitstorm.org/gameoflife/ John Conway's Game of Life]
• In 1996 Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell wrote the book Growing Artificial Societies which proposes a set of automaton rules and a system called Sugarscape which models a population dependent on resources (called sugar).
• Artificial neural networks attempt to solve problems in the same way that the human brain would, although they are still several orders of magnitude less complex than the human brain and closer to the computing power of a worm. Advances in the understanding of the human brain often stimulate new patterns in neural networks.

One of the most influential advances in the generative sciences as related to cognitive science came from Noam Chomsky's (1957) development of generative grammar, which separated language generation from semantic content, and thereby revealed important questions about human language. It was also in the early 1950s that psychologists at the MIT including Kurt Lewin, Jacob Levy Moreno and Fritz Heider laid the foundations for group dynamics research which later developed into social network analysis.

• {{annotated link|Generative systems}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• http://www.swarthmore.edu/socsci/tburke1/artsoc.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409235016/http://www.swarthmore.edu/socsci/tburke1/artsoc.html |date=2005-04-09 }} (Artificial Societies, Virtual Worlds and the Shared Problems and Possibilities of Emergence)
• http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS.html (The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation)

Category:Systems theory