genital stage

The genital stage in psychoanalysis is the term used by Sigmund Freud to describe the final stage of human psychosexual development.Sigmund Freud, On Psychopathology (PFL 10) pp. 78–9 The individual develops a strong sexual interest in people outside of the family.

In Freud and later thinkers

The notion of the genital stage was added to the Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), by Sigmund Freud in 1915. In order, these stages of psychosexual development are the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and the genital stage. This stage begins around the time that puberty starts, and ends at death. According to Freud, this stage reappears along with the Oedipus complex. The genital stage coincides with the phallic stage, in that its main concern is the genitalia; however, this concern is now conscious.

The genital stage appears when the sexual and aggressive drives have returned. The source of sexual pleasure expands outside of the mother and father.{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095847861 |title=Genital stage |last=Colman |first=Andrew M. |author-link=Andrew Colman |year=2008 |work=A Dictionary of Psychology |via=Oxford Reference}} = {{cite book |last=Colman |first=Andrew M. |chapter=genital stage (p. 311) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvlrBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22genital+stage%22&pg=PA311 |title=A Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvlrBgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |edition=4th |orig-date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19105784-7 }} If during the phallic stage, the child was unconsciously attracted to the same-sex parent, then homosexual relationships can occur during this stage.{{cite book |first1=Ellen E. |last1=Pastorino |first2=Susann M. |last2=Doyle-Portillo |chapter=Genital Stage (p. 466) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iKgwo2q_54C&dq=%22Genital+Stage%22&pg=PA466 |title=What is Psychology? Essentials |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iKgwo2q_54C |year= 2012 |edition=2nd |orig-date=2010 |publisher=Cengage Learning |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-11183415-9 }} However, this interpretation of the phallic stage, from the following viewpoint, is incongruous with what the primarily understood phallic stage entails. The Oedipus complex, which is one of the most significant components of the phallic stage, can be explained as the need to have the utmost of a response from the parental figure that is the main object of the libido.{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Oedipus-complex |title=Oedipus complex |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}} It must be clarified that it is more often the mother who is giving the gratification in response to a discharge and or manifestation of libido and is therefore the object of the infantile libido—not the father. It is less likely that the subject will have any unconscious sexual attraction to the father because the father is the source of the subject's incapability to possessing the mother: the subject is still focused on receiving attention from the mother. Furthermore, all sexual attraction during the phallic stage is purely unconscious.

During the genital stage, the ego and superego have become more developed. This allows the individual to have more realistic ways of thinking and establish an assortment of social relations apart from the family.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5H7Dg_cnJgIC&dq=%22the+genital+stage%22&pg=PT9 |title=Human Development |first=D. A. |last=Louw |year=1998 |publisher=Pearson South Africa|isbn=9780798647083 }} The genital stage is the latest stage and is considered the highest level of maturity.{{cite book |url=http://psycnet.apa.org/books/11173/002.pdf |author=Sullivan, C. T. |year=1963 |contribution=The Developmental Stages of the Ego |title=C. T. Sullivan, Freud and Fairbairn: Two theories of ego-psychology |pages=33–47}} In this stage, the adult becomes capable of the two signs of maturation: work and love.{{cite book |last=King |first=Laura |title=The Science of Psychology |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-077-53616-9 |page=388 |edition=2nd}}

The stage is initiated at puberty,{{cite web |url=http://allpsych.com/psychology101/sexual_development.html |title=Freud's Psychosexual Development in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online |publisher=Allpsych.com |access-date=2014-02-17 |archive-date=2014-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401031216/http://allpsych.com/psychology101/sexual_development.html |url-status=dead }} but may not be completed until well into the adult years.P. T. Brown, 'Sexual Development' in R. Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) pp. 706–7. Otto Fenichel considered genital primacy was the precondition for overcoming ambivalence and for whole-object love.Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) pp. 84 and 496.

In 1960, Robert W. White extended Freud's genital stage to not only include instinctual needs but effectance. His stage extension included one beginning to decide what role one will play in society and dating for social and sexual satisfaction.{{cite book |last=Fromm |first= Donald |title=Systems of Psychotherapy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwhYff6gFqkC |year=2010 |isbn= 9781441973085 }}

Prognoses

The degree to which an individual has reached the genital level was seen by Freudians as inversely correlated with susceptibility to neurosis;Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 265 conversely, fixation on earlier psychosexual levels will hamper the development of normal sexual relationships.{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/science/freud/develop.html |title=Psychosexual Development |publisher=Victorianweb.org |access-date=2014-02-17}}

It is important to note that although oral, anal, and genital are all distinct stages they can occur simultaneously and indefinitely.

Freud argued that an individual could become stuck in any of these stages if overindulgence or underindulgence occurs. If the adult did not successfully complete a stage, fixation may occur later in life.

Criticism

While the normal genital character was theoretically recognised as an ideal construct,Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 496 in practice the concept of the genital level could be fetishized into an addictive goal or commodity, not an experiential reality.Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society (1973) p. 257

Jacques Lacan wrote of "this absurd hymn to the harmony of the genital"Jacques Lacan, Ecrits (1997) p. 245 in vulgar Freudianism.

References

External links

[http://www.victorianweb.org/science/freud/develop.html Freud's Psychosexual Stages].
{{cite web | last = Felluga |first= Dino | title = Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development | url = https://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html | series = Introductory Guide to Critical Theory | publisher = Purdue University College of Liberal Arts | location = West Lafayette, Indiana}}

Category:Freudian psychology