germinal matrix

In anatomy, the germinal matrix is a highly cellular and highly vascularized region in the brain out from which cells migrate during brain development. The germinal matrix is the source of both neurons and glial cells and is most active between 8 and 28 weeks gestation. It is a fragile portion of the brain that may be damaged leading to a germinal matrix hemorrhage (grade 1 intraventricular hemorrhage).

Location/anatomy: The germinal matrix is next to the lateral ventricles (the "inside" of the brain).

Function/physiology: Neurons and glia migrate radially outward from the germinal matrix towards the cerebral cortex. For more information, see the associated articles on neuronal migration and corticogenesis.{{Cite journal|last1=Nadarajah|first1=Bagirathy|last2=Parnavelas|first2=John G.|date=1 June 2002|title=Modes of neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|language=En|volume=3|issue=6|pages=423–432|doi=10.1038/nrn845|pmid=12042877|s2cid=38910547 |issn=1471-0048}}{{Cite journal|last=Nadarajah|first=B.|date=2003-06-01|title=Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex: Observations Based on Real-time Imaging|url=https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/13/6/607/360931|journal=Cerebral Cortex|language=en|volume=13|issue=6|pages=607–611|doi=10.1093/cercor/13.6.607|pmid=12764035|issn=1047-3211|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last1=Friocourt|first1=Gaëlle|last2=Kanatani|first2=Shigeaki|last3=Tabata|first3=Hidenori|last4=Yozu|first4=Masato|last5=Takahashi|first5=Takao|last6=Antypa|first6=Mary|last7=Raguénès|first7=Odile|last8=Chelly|first8=Jamel|last9=Férec|first9=Claude|date=2008-05-28|title=Cell-Autonomous Roles of ARX in Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Migration during Corticogenesis|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|language=en|volume=28|issue=22|pages=5794–5805|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1067-08.2008|issn=0270-6474|pmid=18509041|pmc=6670801}}

Dysfunction/pathophysiology: in prenatology/neonatology, intraventricular hemorrhages occur starting in the germinal matrix due to the lack of structural integrity there. Intraventricular hemorrhages are a common and harmful issue in children born prematurely.{{cite journal |last1=Brouwer |first1=AJ |last2=Groenendaal |first2=F |last3=Benders |first3=MJ |last4=de Vries |first4=LS |title=Early and late complications of germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant: what is new? |journal=Neonatology |date=2014 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=296–303 |doi=10.1159/000365127 |pmid=25171657|s2cid=3476273 |doi-access=free }}