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gintonin

{{Short description|Protein found in ginseng}}

{{Infobox nonhuman protein

| image = File:Gintonin structure.jpg

| caption = Gintonin bound to lysophosphatidic acid C18:2. (a) Superposition of ginseng major latex-like protein 151 (GLP;green) and the lowest energy major latex protein 28 conformer (yellow). The mutated residues in GLP are represented by red sticks. (b) The electrostatic molecular surface of GLP modelled with LPA C18:2 in close conformation. The positions of the residues that recognize LPA C18:2 are labelled.{{Cite journal | last1 = Choi | first1 = SH | last2 =Hong | first2 = MK | last3 = Kim | first3 = HJ | last4 =Ryoo | first4 = N | last5 = Rhim | first5 = H | last6 =Nah | first6 = SY | last7 =Kang | first7 = LW | year = 2015 | title = Structure of ginseng major latex-like protein 151 and its proposed lysophosphatidic acid-binding mechanism | journal = Acta Crystallographica Section D | volume = 71 | issue = pt5 | pages = 1039–50 | pmid = 25945569 | doi = 10.1107/S139900471500259X }}

|UniProt=B5THI3

|Name=Major latex-like protein

|Symbol=mlp151

|Organism=Panax ginseng

}}

Gintonin is a glycolipoprotein fraction isolated from Panax ginseng. The non-saponin ingredient was designated as gintonin, where gin was derived from ginseng, ton from the tonic effects of ginseng, and in from protein. The main component of gintonin is a complex of lysophosphatidic acids (LPA) and ginseng proteins such as ginseng major latex-like protein151 (GLP151) and ginseng ribonuclease-like storage protein.{{Cite journal | last1 = Pyo | first1 = M. K. | last2 = Choi | first2 = S. H. | last3 = Hwang | first3 = S. H. | last4 = Shin | first4 = T. J. | last5 = Lee | first5 = B. H. | last6 = Lee | first6 = S. M. | last7 = Lim | first7 = Y. H. | last8 = Kim | first8 = D. H. | last9 = Nah | first9 = S. Y. | title = Novel Glycolipoproteins from Ginseng | doi = 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.092 | journal = Journal of Ginseng Research | volume = 35 | pages = 92–103 | year = 2011 | doi-access = free }}{{Cite journal | last1 = Hwang | first1 = S. H. | last2 = Shin | first2 = T. J. | last3 = Choi | first3 = S. H. | last4 = Cho | first4 = H. J. | last5 = Lee | first5 = B. H. | last6 = Pyo | first6 = M. K. | last7 = Lee | first7 = J. H. | last8 = Kang | first8 = J. | last9 = Kim | first9 = H. J. | last10 = Park | first10 = C. W. | last11 = Shin | first11 = H. C. | last12 = Nah | first12 = S. Y. | doi = 10.1007/s10059-012-2216-z | title = Gintonin, newly identified compounds from ginseng, is novel lysophosphatidic acids-protein complexes and activates G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors with high affinity | journal = Molecules and Cells | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–162 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22286231| pmc = 3887723}}

GLP151 is a first plant-derived LPA binding protein as one of Bet v 1 superfamily. GLP151 has a LPA binding domain on H147 and H148 at C-terminal. These two histidine residues bind to phosphate group of LPA.{{Cite journal | last1 = Choi | first1 = SH | last2 =Hong | first2 = MK | last3 = Kim | first3 = HJ | last4 =Ryoo | first4 = N | last5 = Rhim | first5 = H | last6 =Nah | first6 = SY | last7 =Kang | first7 = LW | year = 2015 | title = Structure of ginseng major latex-like protein 151 and its proposed lysophosphatidic acid-binding mechanism | journal = Acta Crystallographica Section D | volume = 71 | issue = pt5 | pages = 1039–50 | pmid = 25945569 | doi = 10.1107/S139900471500259X }}

Biological action

Gintonin is believed to act by delivering LPA to lysophospholipid receptors, which are high affinity and selective target receptors. In animal cell cultures, gintonin induces [Ca2+] transients via activation of the said receptor.

One Korean study claims that gintonin is orally active in rodents and shows anti-Alzheimer's disease effects through LPA receptor-mediated non-amyloidogenic pathways.{{Cite journal

| doi = 10.3233/JAD-2012-120439|pmid=22543851|title=Gintonin, a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, attenuates Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathies: involvement of non-amyloidogenic processing| journal = Journal of Alzheimer's Disease|volume=31|issue=1|pages=207–223| year = 2012| last1 = Hwang SH| first1 = Shin EJ, Shin TJ, Lee BH, Choi SH, Kang J, Kim HJ, Kwon SH, Jang CG, Lee JH, Kim HC, Nah SY}}{{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = HJ | last2 =Shin | first2 = EJ | last3 = Lee | first3 = BH | last4 =Choi | first4 = SH | last5 = Jung | first5 = SW | last6 =Cho | first6 = IH | last7 = Hwang | first7 = SH | last8 =Kim | first8 = JY | last9 = Han | first9 = JS | last10 =Chung | first10 = C | last11 = Jang | first11 = CG | last12 =Rhim | first12 = H | last13 = Kim | first13 = HC | last14 =Nah | first14 = SY | year = 2015 | title = Oral Administration of Gintonin Attenuates Cholinergic Impairments by Scopolamine, Amyloid-β Protein, and Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease | journal = Molecules and Cells | volume = 38| issue = 9| pages = 796–805| pmid = 26255830 | doi = 10.14348/molcells.2015.0116 | pmc=4588723}} Oral gintonin is well-tolerated by human AD patients in a small study, but the benefits are unclear.{{Cite journal

| doi = 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000213 |pmid=29028648|title=Gintonin Administration is Safe and Potentially Beneficial in Cognitively Impaired Elderly| journal = Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=32|pages=85–87| year = 2017| last1 = Moon J| first1 = Choi SH, Shim JY, Park HJ, Oh MJ, Kim M, Nah SY.|issue=1 }}

A number of other effects are attributed to oral administration of gintonin-enriched extract in rodents.{{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = HJ | last2 = Kim | first2 = DJ | last3 = Shin | first3 = EJ | last4 = Lee | first4 = BH | last5 = Choi | first5 = SH | last6 = Hwang | first6 = SH | last7 = Rhim | first7 = H | last8 = Cho | first8 = IH | last9 = Kim | first9 = HC | last10 = Nah | first10 = SY | title = Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal cell proliferation in wild-type mice and an APPswe/PSEN-1 double Tg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease | doi = 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.006 | journal = Neurochemistry International | volume = 101 | pages = 56–65 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27765516}}

{{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = HJ | last2 = Park | first2 = SD | last3 = Lee | first3 = RM | last4 = Lee | first4 = BH | last5 = Choi | first5 = SH | last6 = Hwang | first6 = SH | last7 = Rhim | first7 = H | last8 = Kim | first8 = HC | last9 = Nah | first9 = SY | title = Gintonin attenuates depressive-like behaviors associated with alcohol withdrawal in mice | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.026 | journal = J Affect Disord | volume = 215 |pages = 23–29 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28314177 }}{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee| first1 = BH | last2 = Kim | first2 = HK | last3 = Jang | first3 = M | last4 = Kim | first4 = HJ | last5 = Choi | first5 = SH | last6 = Hwang | first6 = SH | last7 = Kim | first7 = HC | last8 = Rhim | first8 = H | last9 = Choi | first9 = IH | last10 = Nah | first10 = SY | title = Effects of Gintonin-Enriched Fraction in an Atopic Dermatitis Animal Model: Involvement of Autotaxin Regulation | doi = 10.1248/bpb.b17-00124 | journal = Biol Pharm Bull | volume = 40| issue = 7 |pages = 1063–1070 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28674249 | doi-access = free }}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3892/ijo.2012.1709| pmid = 23174888| title = Suppression of metastasis of intravenously-inoculated B16/F10 melanoma cells by the novel ginseng-derived ingredient, gintonin: Involvement of autotaxin inhibition| journal = International Journal of Oncology| volume = 42| issue = 1| pages = 317–326| year = 2012| last1 = Hwang SH| first1 = Lee BH, Kim HJ, Cho HJ, Shin HC, Im KS, Choi SH, Shin TJ, Lee SM, Nam SW, Kim HC, Rhim H, Nah SY.| doi-access = free}}

See also

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Pyo | first1 = M. K. | last2 = Choi | first2 = S. H. | last3 = Hwang | first3 = S. H. | last4 = Shin | first4 = T. J. | last5 = Lee | first5 = B. H. | last6 = Lee | first6 = S. M. | last7 = Lim | first7 = Y. H. | last8 = Kim | first8 = D. H. | last9 = Nah | first9 = S. Y. | title = Novel Glycolipoproteins from Ginseng | doi = 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.092 | journal = Journal of Ginseng Research | volume = 35 | pages = 92–103 | year = 2011 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Pyo | first1 = M. K. | last2 = Choi | first2 = S. H. | last3 = Shin | first3 = T. J. | last4 = Hwang | first4 = S. H. | last5 = Lee | first5 = B. H. | last6 = Kang | first6 = J. Y. | last7 = Kim | first7 = H. J. | last8 = Lee | first8 = S. H. | last9 = Nah | first9 = S. Y. | doi = 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.209 | title = A Simple Method for the Preparation of Crude Gintonin from Ginseng Root, Stem, and Leaf | journal = Journal of Ginseng Research | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 209–218 | year = 2011 | pmid = 23717063| pmc =3659522 }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Choi | first1 = S. H. | last2 = Shin | first2 = T. J. | last3 = Lee | first3 = B. H. | last4 = Hwang | first4 = S. H. | last5 = Kang | first5 = J. Y. | last6 = Kim | first6 = H. J. | last7 = Park | first7 = C. W. | last8 = Nah | first8 = S. Y. | doi = 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.4.471 | title = An Edible Gintonin Preparation from Ginseng | journal = Journal of Ginseng Research | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 471–478 | year = 2011 | pmid = 23717094| pmc =3659555 }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Hwang | first1 = S. H. | last2 = Shin | first2 = T. J. | last3 = Choi | first3 = S. H. | last4 = Cho | first4 = H. J. | last5 = Lee | first5 = B. H. | last6 = Pyo | first6 = M. K. | last7 = Lee | first7 = J. H. | last8 = Kang | first8 = J. | last9 = Kim | first9 = H. J. | last10 = Park | first10 = C. W. | last11 = Shin | first11 = H. C. | last12 = Nah | first12 = S. Y. | doi = 10.1007/s10059-012-2216-z | title = Gintonin, newly identified compounds from ginseng, is novel lysophosphatidic acids-protein complexes and activates G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors with high affinity | journal = Molecules and Cells | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–162 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22286231| pmc = 3887723}}
  • {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.3233/JAD-2012-120439|pmid=22543851|title=Gintonin, a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, attenuates Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathies: involvement of non-amyloidogenic processing| journal = Journal of Alzheimer's Disease|volume=31|issue=1|pages=207–223| year = 2012| last1 = Hwang SH| first1 = Shin EJ, Shin TJ, Lee BH, Choi SH, Kang J, Kim HJ, Kwon SH, Jang CG, Lee JH, Kim HC, Nah SY}}

  • {{Cite journal

| pmid = 23017203

| year = 2012

| last1 = Nah

| first1 = S. Y.

| title = Gintonin: A novel ginseng-derived ligand that targets G protein- coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors

| journal = Current Drug Targets

| volume = 13

| issue = 13

| pages = 1659–64

| doi=10.2174/138945012803529947

}}

  • {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10059-012-0254-4| pmid = 23161173| title = Gintonin, a ginseng-derived novel ingredient, evokes long-term potentiation through N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation: Involvement of LPA receptors| journal = Molecules and Cells| volume = 34| issue = 6| pages = 563–72| year = 2012| last1 = Shin | first1 = T. J. | last2 = Kim | first2 = H. J. | last3 = Kwon | first3 = B. J. | last4 = Choi | first4 = S. H. | last5 = Kim | first5 = H. B. | last6 = Hwang | first6 = S. H. | last7 = Lee | first7 = B. H. | last8 = Lee | first8 = S. M. | last9 = Zukin | first9 = R. S. | last10 = Park | first10 = J. H. | last11 = Kim | first11 = H. C. | last12 = Rhim | first12 = H. | last13 = Lee | first13 = J. H. | last14 = Nah | first14 = S. Y. | pmc=3887827}}
  • {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10059-013-2293-x| pmid = 23456336| pmc = 3887903| title = Gintonin, a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, potentiates ATP-gated P2X1 receptor channel currents| journal = Molecules and Cells| volume = 35| issue = 2| pages = 142–50| year = 2013| last1 = Choi | first1 = S. H. | last2 = Kim | first2 = H. J. | last3 = Kim | first3 = B. R. | last4 = Shin | first4 = T. J. | last5 = Hwang | first5 = S. H. | last6 = Lee | first6 = B. H. | last7 = Lee | first7 = S. M. | last8 = Rhim | first8 = H. | last9 = Nah | first9 = S. Y.

}}

  • {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1155/2013/323709| pmid = 23662129| title = Molecular Mechanisms of Large-Conductance Ca2+-Activated Potassium Channel Activation by Ginseng Gintonin| journal = Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine| volume = 2013| pages = 1–14| year = 2013| last1 = Choi | first1 = S. H.| last2 = Lee | first2 = B. H.| last3 = Hwang | first3 = S. H.| last4 = Kim | first4 = H. J.| last5 = Lee | first5 = S. M.| last6 = Kim | first6 = H. C.| last7 = Rhim | first7 = H. W.| last8 = Nah | first8 = S. Y.| pmc = 3638619| doi-access = free}}
  • {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.048| pmid = 23769686| title = Activation of lysophosphatidic acid receptor by gintonin inhibits Kv1.2 channel activity: Involvement of tyrosine kinase and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase α| journal = Neuroscience Letters| volume = 548| pages = 143–8| year = 2013| last1 = Lee | first1 = J. H. | last2 = Choi | first2 = S. H. | last3 = Lee | first3 = B. H. | last4 = Hwang | first4 = S. H. | last5 = Kim | first5 = H. J. | last6 = Rhee | first6 = J. | last7 = Chung | first7 = C. | last8 = Nah | first8 = S. Y. }}
  • {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/aps.2013.100| pmid = 24122014| title = Yin and Yang of ginseng pharmacology: Ginsenosides vs gintonin| journal = Acta Pharmacologica Sinica| volume = 34| issue = 11| pages = 1367–73| year = 2013| last1 = Im | first1 = D. S. | last2 = Nah | first2 = S. Y. | pmc=3818586}}
  • {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1159/000366306| pmid = 25199952| title = Characteristics of Gintonin-Mediated Membrane Depolarization of Pacemaker Activity in Cultured Interstitial Cells of Cajal| journal = Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry| volume = 34| issue = 3| pages = 873–90| year = 2014| last1 = Kim | first1 = B. J. | last2 = Nam | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Kim | first3 = K. H. | last4 = Joo | first4 = M. | last5 = Ha | first5 = T. S. | last6 = Weon | first6 = K. Y. | last7 = Choi | first7 = S. | last8 = Jun | first8 = J. Y. | last9 = Park | first9 = E. J. | last10 = Wie | first10 = J. | last11 = So | first11 = I. | last12 = Nah | first12 = S. Y. | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | doi = 10.14348/molcells.2014.0087| title = Ginseng Gintonin Activates the Human Cardiac Delayed Rectifier K+ Channel: Involvement of Ca2+/Calmodulin Binding Sites| journal = Molecules and Cells| year = 2014| last1 = Sun-Hye Choi | first1 = B. H. Lee. Kim HJ, Jung SW, Kim HS, Shin HC, Lee JH, Kim HC, Rhim H, Hwang SH, Ha TS, Kim HJ, Cho H, Nah SY| pmid = 25234465| volume=37| issue = 9| pages=656–63| pmc=4179134}}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Hwang | first1 = SH | last2 = Lee | first2 = BH | last3 = Choi | first3 = SH | last4 = Jung | first4 = SW | last5 = Kim | first5 = HS | last6 = Shin | first6 = HC | last7 = Park | first7 = HJ | last8 = Park | first8 = KH | last9 = Lee | first9 = MK | last10 = Nah | first10 = SY | year = 2015 | title = Gintonin, a novel ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, stimulates neurotransmitter release | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 584 | pages = 356–61 | doi = 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.007 | pmid = 25445364 }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Park | first1 = H | last2 = Kim | first2 = s | last3 = Rhee | first3 = J | last4 =Kim | first4 = HJ | last5 =Han | first5 = JS | last6 =Nah | first6 = SY | last7 = Chung | first7 = C | year = 2015 | title = Synaptic enhancement induced by gintonin via lysophosphatidic acid receptor activation in central synapses | journal = Journal of Neurophysiology | volume = 113 | issue = 5 | pages = 1493–500 | pmid = 25505112 | doi = 10.1152/jn.00667.2014 }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Choi | first1 = SH | last2 =Hong | first2 = MK | last3 = Kim | first3 = HJ | last4 =Ryoo | first4 = N | last5 = Rhim | first5 = H | last6 =Nah | first6 = SY | last7 =Kang | first7 = LW | year = 2015 | title = Structure of ginseng major latex-like protein 151 and its proposed lysophosphatidic acid-binding mechanism | journal = Acta Crystallographica Section D | volume = 71 | issue = pt5 | pages = 1039–50 | pmid = 25945569 | doi = 10.1107/S139900471500259X }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = H | last2 =Lee | first2 = BH | last3 = Choi | first3 = SH | last4 =Kim | first4 = HJ | last5 = Jung | first5 = SW | last6 =Hwang | first6 = SH | last7 = Rhim | first7 = H | last8 =Kim | first8 = HC | last9 = Cho | first9 = IH | last10 =Nah | first10 = SY | year = 2015 | title = Gintonin stimulates gliotransmitter release in cortical primary astrocytes | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 603 | pages = 19–24 | pmid = 26191656 | doi = 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.012}}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = HJ | last2 =Shin | first2 = EJ | last3 = Lee | first3 = BH | last4 =Choi | first4 = SH | last5 = Jung | first5 = SW | last6 =Cho | first6 = IH | last7 = Hwang | first7 = SH | last8 =Kim | first8 = JY | last9 = Han | first9 = JS | last10 =Chung | first10 = C | last11 = Jang | first11 = CG | last12 =Rhim | first12 = H | last13 = Kim | first13 = HC | last14 =Nah | first14 = SY | year = 2015 | title = Oral Administration of Gintonin Attenuates Cholinergic Impairments by Scopolamine, Amyloid-β Protein, and Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease | journal = Molecules and Cells | volume = 38| issue = 9| pages = 796–805| pmid = 26255830 | doi = 10.14348/molcells.2015.0116 | pmc=4588723}}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = BH | last2 =Choi | first2 = SH | last3 = Kim | first3 = HJ | last4 =Jung | first4 = SW | last5 = Kim | first5 = H | last6 =Shin | first6 = HC | last7 = Lee | first7 = JH | last8 =Hwang | first8 = SH | last9 = Kim | first9 = HC | last10 = Nah | first10 = SY | year = 2015 | title = Preparation of a Monoclonal Antibody against Gintonin and Its Use in an Enzyme Immunoassay| journal = Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 38 | issue = 10 | pages = 1631–37 | pmid = 26424022| doi = 10.1248/bpb.b15-00171| doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Choi | first1 = SH | last2 =Jung | first2 = SW | last3 = Kim | first3 = H | last4 = Kim | first4 = HJ | last5 = Lee | first5 = BH | last6 =Kim | first6 = JY | last7 = Kim | first7 = JH | last8 =Hwang | first8 = SH | last9 = Rhim | first9 = H | last10 = Nah | first10 = SY | year = 2015 | title = A Brief method for preparation of gintonin-enriched fraction from ginseng | journal = Journal of Ginseng Research | volume = 39 | issue = 4| pages = 398–405 | pmid = 26869834| doi = 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.05.002| pmc = 4593782 }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = HJ | last2 = Kim | first2 = DJ | last3 = Shin | first3 = EJ | last4 = Lee | first4 = BH | last5 = Choi | first5 = SH | last6 = Hwang | first6 = SH | last7 = Rhim | first7 = H | last8 = Cho | first8 = IH | last9 = Kim | first9 = HC | last10 = Nah | first10 = SY | title = Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal cell proliferation in wild-type mice and an APPswe/PSEN-1 double Tg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease | doi = 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.006 | journal = Neurochemistry International | volume = 101 | pages = 56–65 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27765516}}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Hwang | first1 = SH | last2 = Lee | first2 = BH | last3 = Choi | first3 = SH | last4 = Kim | first4 = HJ | last5 = Won | first5 = KJ | last6 = Lee | first6 = HM | last7 = Rhim | first7 = H | last8 = Kim | first8 = HC | last9 = Nah | first9 = SY | title = Effects of gintonin on the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical-vein endothelial cells: involvement of lysophosphatidic-acid receptors and vascular-endothelial-growth-factor signaling | doi = 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.10.002 | journal = Journal of Ginseng Research | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 325–333 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27746684| pmc = 5052429 }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Nah | first1 = SY | last2 = Kim | first2 = KH | last3 = Choi | first3 = MS | last4 = Ha | first4 = KS | last5 = Lim | first5 = DY | title = Gintonin facilitates catecholamine secretion from the perfused adrenal medulla | doi = 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.6.629 | journal = Korean J Physiol Pharmacol | volume = 20 | issue = 6 |pages = 629–639 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27847440| pmc = 5106397 }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = HJ | last2 = Park | first2 = SD | last3 = Lee | first3 = RM | last4 = Lee | first4 = BH | last5 = Choi | first5 = SH | last6 = Hwang | first6 = SH | last7 = Rhim | first7 = H | last8 = Kim | first8 = HC | last9 = Nah | first9 = SY | title = Gintonin attenuates depressive-like behaviors associated with alcohol withdrawal in mice | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.026 | journal = J Affect Disord | volume = 215 |pages = 23–29 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28314177 }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Lee| first1 = BH | last2 = Kim | first2 = HK | last3 = Jang | first3 = M | last4 = Kim | first4 = HJ | last5 = Choi | first5 = SH | last6 = Hwang | first6 = SH | last7 = Kim | first7 = HC | last8 = Rhim | first8 = H | last9 = Choi | first9 = IH | last10 = Nah | first10 = SY | title = Effects of Gintonin-Enriched Fraction in an Atopic Dermatitis Animal Model: Involvement of Autotaxin Regulation | doi = 10.1248/bpb.b17-00124 | journal = Biol Pharm Bull | volume = 40| issue = 7 |pages = 1063–1070 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28674249 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Lee BH | last2 = Kim HK | last3 = Jang M | last4 = Kim HJ | last5 = Choi SH | last6 = Hwang SH | last7 = Kim HC | last8 = Rhim H | last9 = Cho IH | last10 = Nah SY | title = Effects of Gintonin-Enriched Fraction in an Atopic Dermatitis Animal Model: Involvement of Autotaxin Regulation | doi = 10.1248/bpb.b17-00124 | journal = Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 40 | issue = 7 | pages = 1063–70 | year = 2017 | pmid = 28674249 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Moon J | last2 = Choi SH | last3 = Shim JY | last4 = Park HJ | last5 = Oh MJ | last6 = Kim M | last7 = Nah SY | title = EGintonin Administration Is Safe and Potentially Beneficial in Cognitively Impaired Elderly | doi = 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000213 | journal = Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–87 | year = 2018 | pmid = 29028648 | doi-access = }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Lee BH | last2 = Choi SH | last3 = Kim HJ | last4 = Park SD | last5 = Rhim H | last6 = Kim HC | last7 = Hwang SH | last8 = Nah SY | title = Gintonin Absorption in Intestinal Model Systems | doi = 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.007 | journal = J Ginseng Res | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–41 | year = 2018 | pmid = 29348720 | pmc = 5766688 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Kim DG | last2 = Jang M | last3 = Choi SH | last4 = Kim HJ | last5 = Jhun H | last6 = Kim HC | last7 = Rhim H | last8 = Cho IH | last9 = Nah SY| title = Gintonin, a Ginseng-Derived Exogenous Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Ligand, Enhances Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Brain Delivery | doi = 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.158 | journal = Int J Biol Macromol| volume = 114 | pages = 1325–1337 | year = 2018 | pmid = 29604355 | doi-access = }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Choi JH| last2 = Jang M | last3 = Oh S | last4 = Nah SY | last5 = Cho IH | title = Multi-Target Protective Effects of Gintonin in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Mediated Model of Parkinson's Disease via Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2018.00515 | journal = Front Pharmacol| volume = 9 | pages = 515 | year = 2018 | pmid = 29875659 | pmc = 5974039 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Choi SH | last2 = Kim HJ | last3 = Cho HJ | last4 = Park SD | last5 = Lee NE | last6 = Hwang SH | last7 = Cho IH | last8 =Hwang H | last9 = Rhim H | last10 = Kim HC | last11 = Nah SY | title = Gintonin, a Ginseng-Derived Exogenous Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Ligand, Protects Astrocytes From Hypoxic and Re-oxygenation Stresses Through Stimulation of Astrocytic Glycogenolysis | doi = 10.1007/s12035-018-1308-1 | journal = Mol Neurobiol | volume = 56 | issue = 5 | pages = 3280–3294 | year = 2019 | pmid = 30117105 | doi-access = }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Nam SM | last2 = Hwang H | last3 = Seo M | last4 = Chang BJ | last5 = Kim HJ | last6 = Choi SH | last7 = Rhim H | last8 = Kim HC | last9 = Cho IH | last10 = Nah SY | title = Gintonin Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Hippocampal Senescence by Improving Long-Term Hippocampal Potentiation, Neurogenesis, and Cognitive Functions | doi = 10.1159/000491113 | journal = Gerontology | volume = 64 | issue = 6 | pages = 562–575 | year = 2018 | pmid = 30138913 | doi-access = }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Kim HJ | last2 = Jung SW | last3 = Kim SY | last4 = Cho IH | last5 = Kim HC | last6 = Rhim H | last7 = Kim M | last8 = Nah SY | title = Panax Ginseng as an Adjuvant Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease | doi = 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.008 | journal = J Ginseng Res | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 401–411 | year = 2018 | pmid = 30337800 | pmc = 6190533 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Jo MG | last2 = Ikram M | last3 = Jo MH | last4 = Yoo L | last5 = Chung KC | last6 = Nah SY | last7 = Hwang H | last8 = Rhim H | last9 = Kim MO | last10 = Nah SY | title = Gintonin Mitigates MPTP-Induced Loss of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons and Accumulation of α-Synuclein via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway | doi = 10.1007/s12035-018-1020-1 | journal = Mol Neurobiol

| volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–55 | year = 2019 | pmid = 29675576 | doi-access = }}

  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Irfan M | last2 = Jeong D | last3 = Saba E | last4 = Kwon HW | last5 = Shin JH | last6 = Jeon BR | last7 = Kim S | last8 = Kim SD | last9 = Lee DH | last10 = Nah SY | last11 = Rhee MH | title = Gintonin Modulates Platelet Function and Inhibits Thrombus Formation via Impaired Glycoprotein VI Signaling | doi = 10.1080/09537104.2018.1479033 | journal =Platelets | volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 589–598 | year = 2019 | pmid = 29870296 | doi-access = }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Jang M | last2 = Choi JH | last3 = Chang Y | last4 = Lee SJ | last5 = Nah SY | last6 = Cho IH | title =Gintonin, a Ginseng-Derived Ingredient, as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Huntington's Disease: Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway Through Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors | doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.001 | journal = Brain Behav Immun | volume = 80 | pages = 146–162 | year = 2019 | pmid = 30853569 | doi-access = }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Cho HJ | last2 = Choi SH | last3 = Kim HJ | last4 = Lee BH | last5 = Rhim H | last6 = Kim HC | last7 = Hwang SH | last8 = Nah SY | title = Bioactive Lipids in Gintonin-Enriched Fraction From Ginseng | doi = 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.006 | journal = J Ginseng Res | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 209–217 | year = 2019 | pmid = 30962735 | pmc = 6437394 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Choi SH | last2 = Kim HJ | last3 = Cho HJ | last4 = Park SD | last5 = Lee NE | last6 = Hwang SH | last7 = Rhim H | last8 = Kim HC | last9 = Cho IH | last10 = Nah SY | title = Gintonin-mediated Release of Astrocytic Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Protects Cortical Astrocytes From Hypoxia-Induced Cell Damages | doi = 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.05.006 | journal = J Ginseng Res | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 305–311 | year = 2019 | pmid = 30976168 | pmc = 6437663 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Mijan MA | last2 = Kim JY | last3 = Moon SY | last4 = Choi SH | last5 = Nah SY | last6 = Yang HJ | title = Gintonin Enhances Proliferation, Late Stage Differentiation, and Cell Survival From Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2019.01211 | journal = Front Pharmacol | volume = 10 | pages = 1211 | year = 2019 | pmid = 31680979 | pmc = 6797839 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Lee R | last2 = Lee NE | last3 = Hwang H | last4 = Rhim H | last5 = Cho IH | last6 = Nah SY | title = Ginseng Gintonin Enhances Hyaluronic Acid and Collagen Release From Human Dermal Fibroblasts Through Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Interaction | doi = 10.3390/molecules24244438 | journal = Molecules | volume = 24 | issue = 24 | pages = 4438 | year = 2019 | pmid = 31817172 | pmc = 6943507 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Kim HJ | last2 = Choi SH | last3 = Lee NE | last4 = Cho HJ | last5 = Rhim H | last6 = Kim HC | last7 = Hwang SH | last8 = Nah SY | title = Effects of Gintonin-Enriched Fraction on Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity and Organ Methylmercury Elimination | doi = 10.3390/ijerph17030838 | journal = Int J Environ Res Public Health | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 838 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32013120 | pmc = 7038146 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Lee NE | last2 = Park SD | last3 = Hwang H | last4 = Choi SH | last5 = Lee RM | last6 = Nam SM | last7 = Choi JH | last8 = Rhim H | last9 = Cho IH | last10 = Kim HC | last11 = Hwang SH | last12 = Nah SY | title = Effects of a Gintonin-Enriched Fraction on Hair Growth: An in vitro and in vivo Study | doi = 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.013 | journal = J Ginseng Res | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 168–177 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32095099 | pmc = 7033365 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Chei S | last2 = Song JH | last3 = Oh HJ | last4 = Lee K | last5 = Jin H | last6 = Choi SH | last7 = Nah SY | last8 = Lee BY | title = Gintonin-Enriched Fraction Suppresses Heat Stress-Induced Inflammation Through LPA Recepto | doi = 10.3390/molecules25051019 | journal = Molecules | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = 1019 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32106493 | pmc = 7179209 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Cho YJ | last2 = Choi SH | last3 = Lee R | last4 = Hwang H| last5 = Rhim H | last6 = Cho IH | last7 = Kim HC | last8 = Lee JI | last9 = Hwang SH | last10 = Nah SY | title = Ginseng Gintonin Contains Ligands for GPR40 and GPR55 | doi = 10.3390/molecules25051102 | journal = Molecules | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = 1102 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32121640 | pmc = 7179172 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Nam SM | last2 = Choi SH | last3 = Cho HJ | last4 = Seo JS | last5 = Choi M | last6 = Nahm SS | last7 =Chang BJ | last8 = Nah SY | title = Ginseng Gintonin Attenuates Lead-Induced Rat Cerebellar Impairments During Gestation and Lactation | doi = 10.3390/biom10030385 | journal = Biomolecules | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 385 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32131481 | pmc = 7175158 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{Cite journal | last1 = Rahman MA | last2 = Hwang H | last3 = Nah SY | last4 = Rhim H | title = Gintonin Stimulates Autophagic Flux in Primary Cortical Astrocytes | doi = 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.08.004 | journal = J Ginseng Res | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–78 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32148391 | pmc = 7033340 | doi-access = free }}

Category:Glycolipids