glaucoma medication
{{Short description|Eye condition medication}}
{{Infobox medical intervention
| name = Glaucoma medication
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| image = Pfizer xalaTAN latanoprost eye drops.jpg
| caption = Latanoprost
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| specialty = Ophthalmology
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Glaucoma medication is divided into groups based on chemical structure and pharmacologic action. The goal of currently available glaucoma therapy is to preserve visual function by lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients that have an increased intraocular pressure.
Medical uses
Agents in common clinical use include:
- Prostaglandin analogs
- Parasympathomimetic (miotic) agents, including cholinergic and anticholinesterase agents
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (oral and topical)
- Adrenergic antagonists (nonselective and selective Beta1-antagonists)
- Alpha 2 agonists
- Hyperosmotic agents
- Nitric oxide donators{{cite web | url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/17197 | title=Nitric Oxide-Donating Drugs for IOP Lowering }}
- Rho kinase inhibitors
When comparing people with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, medical intraocular pressure lowering treatment slowed down the progression of visual field loss.{{Cite journal|last1=Vass|first1=C.|last2=Hirn|first2=C.|last3=Sycha|first3=T.|last4=Findl|first4=O.|last5=Bauer|first5=P.|last6=Schmetterer|first6=L.|date=2007-10-17|title=Medical interventions for primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2007 |issue=4|pages=CD003167|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003167.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmid=17943780|pmc=6768994}}
Comparison table
| class="wikitable" | |||||
| Name | Other names | Mechanism of action | Dosage | IOP decrease | Side effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="6" style="text-align: left;" bgcolor="khaki"| Prostaglandin analogs | |||||
| Latanoprost | Xalatan | Increased USO (uveoscleral outflow ) | Once daily | 25-32% | pigmentation of eyelashes, eyelid skin pigmentation, hyperemia (red eye), flu-like symptoms (joint/muscle pain and headache) |
| Bimatoprost | Lumigan | Increased USO (uveoscleral outflow ) | Once daily | blurred vision, eyelid redness, eye discomfort, permanently darken iris, darken/thicken eyelashes | |
| Travoprost | Travatan | Increased USO (uveoscleral outflow ) | Once daily | blurred vision, eyelid redness, eye discomfort, permanently darken iris, darken/thicken eyelashes | |
| colspan="6" style="text-align: left;" bgcolor="khaki"| Beta blockers | |||||
| Timolol | Timoptic | Decrease aqueous production | Every 12 hours | 20-30% | bronchospasm, bradycardia, depression, impotence |
| Betaxolol | Betoptic | Decrease aqueous production | Every 12 hours | 15-20% | Fewer pulmonary complications due to selective Beta blockage |
| colspan="6" style="text-align: left;" bgcolor="khaki"| Adrenergic agents | |||||
| Brimonidine | Alphagan | Decrease aqueous production, increase USO | every 8–12 hours | 20-30% | blurring, foreign body sensation, eyelid edema, dryness, headache, fatigue, hypotension, depression, insomnia |
| colspan="6" style="text-align: left;" bgcolor="khaki"| Miotics | |||||
| Pilocarpine | Isoptocarpine, Pilocar | Increase trabecular outflow | Every 6–12 hours | 15-25% | posterior synechia, keratitis, miosis, brow ache, cataract, myopia, retinal tear, dermatitis, increased salivation |
| colspan="6" style="text-align: left;" bgcolor="khaki"| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | |||||
| Dorzolamide | Trusopt | Decrease aqueous production | Every 8–12 hours | 15-20% | eye irritation, bitter taste |
| Brinzolamide | Azopt | Decrease aqueous production | Every 8–12 hours | 15-20% | eye irritation, bitter taste |
| Acetazolamide | Diamox | Decrease aqueous production | Every 6–12 hours | 15-20% | malaise, depression, weight loss, kidney stones |
Combinations
References
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