glomangiosarcoma

Glomangiosarcoma usually manifest as painful blue-red dermal nodules that range from 0.5-2cm in size.

Glomangiosarcomas can arise de novo or from a preexisting benign glomus tumour.{{cite journal | last1=EW | first1=Gould | last2=JC | first2=Manivel | last3=J | first3=Albores-Saavedra | last4=H | first4=Monforte | title=Locally infiltrative glomus tumors and glomangiosarcomas. A clinical, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study | journal=Cancer | date=1990 | volume=65 | issue=2 | pages=310–318 | issn=0008-543X | pmid=2153045 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19900115)65:2<310::aid-cncr2820650221>3.0.co;2-q |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2153045/ | access-date=2024-04-27 }}

Typically, a definitive diagnosis cannot be made based solely on radiologic findings and clinical symptoms.{{cite journal | last1=Alhroub | first1=Omar A | last2=Mahameed | first2=Shimaa A | last3=Abdelhafez | first3=Mohammad O | last4=Alhroub | first4=Asil | last5=Hour | first5=Hani | last6=Hasasna | first6=Nabil | last7=Kamal | first7=Nazmi | title=A case of malignant glomus tumor (glomangiosarcoma) of the nasal cavity | journal=Journal of Surgical Case Reports | volume=2022 | issue=1 | date=2022-01-01 | pages=rjab641 | issn=2042-8812 | pmid=35096369 | pmc=8791658 | doi=10.1093/jscr/rjab641 }} To get a conclusive diagnosis of glomangiosarcoma, immunohistochemical staining in addition to hematoxylin and eosin staining is needed.{{cite journal | last1=Wang | first1=Yingjie | last2=Xiang | first2=Yongbo | last3=Bian | first3=Yanyan | last4=Feng | first4=Bin | last5=Liu | first5=Yong | last6=Zhou | first6=Xi | last7=Zhou | first7=Lizhi | last8=Weng | first8=Xisheng | title=Glomus tumors associated with the bone and joints: a review of 91 cases | journal=Annals of Translational Medicine | publisher=AME Publishing Company | volume=8 | issue=21 | year=2020 | issn=2305-5839 | doi=10.21037/atm-20-6998 | doi-access=free | pages=1460| pmid=33313205 | pmc=7723542 }}

Histologically, glomangiosarcomas differ from benign glomus tumors in that they include sheets of uniform, round to oval cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, many vascular spaces, and cellular pleomorphism linked to frequent mitotic figures.{{cite journal | last1=Folpe | first1=Andrew L. | last2=Fanburg–Smith | first2=Julie C. | last3=Miettinen | first3=Markku | last4=Weiss | first4=Sharon W. | title=Atypical and Malignant Glomus Tumors | journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology | publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | volume=25 | issue=1 | year=2001 | issn=0147-5185 | doi=10.1097/00000478-200101000-00001 | pages=1–12| pmid=11145243 }}

Glomangiosarcomas display many of the same antigens as their benign counterparts on immunohistochemical labeling; these antigens include vimentin, smooth muscle actin, and muscle-specific actin.{{cite journal | last1=Maselli | first1=Amy M. | last2=Jambhekar | first2=Amani V. | last3=Hunter | first3=John G. | title=Glomangiosarcoma Arising from a Prior Biopsy Site | journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery — Global Open | publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=2169-7574 | doi=10.1097/gox.0000000000001219 | page=e1219| pmid=28203514 | pmc=5293312 }} On the other hand, benign tumors stain more highly for actin and myosin, and malignant tumors stain more intensely for vimentin.{{cite journal | last1=M | first1=Aiba | last2=A | first2=Hirayama | last3=S | first3=Kuramochi | title=Glomangiosarcoma in a glomus tumor. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study | journal=Cancer | date=1988 | volume=61 | issue=7 | pages=1467–1471 | issn=0008-543X | pmid=2449949 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19880401)61:7<1467::aid-cncr2820610733>3.0.co;2-3 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2449949/ | access-date=2024-04-27 }} Studies conducted in the past have also revealed changes in the expression of Bcl-2 and p53 in comparison to benign glomus tumors.{{cite journal | last1=Hegyi | first1=L. | last2=Cormack | first2=G. C. | last3=Grant | first3=J. W. | title=Histochemical investigation into the molecular mechanisms of malignant transformation in a benign glomus tumour | journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology | publisher=BMJ | volume=51 | issue=11 | date=1998-11-01 | issn=0021-9746 | doi=10.1136/jcp.51.11.872 | pages=872–874| pmid=10193335 | pmc=500988 }}

These lesions in soft tissue and skin need to be distinguished from other cutaneous round cell malignancies such hemangiopericytoma, leiomyosarcoma, melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma.{{cite journal | last1=Binesh | first1=F. | last2=Akhavan | first2=A. | last3=Zahir | first3=S. T. | last4=Bovanlu | first4=T. R. | title=Clinically malignant atypical glomus tumour | journal=Case Reports | publisher=BMJ | volume=2013 | issue=jan03 1 | date=2013-01-03 | issn=1757-790X | doi=10.1136/bcr-2012-007618 | pages=bcr2012007618| pmid=23291816 | pmc=3603905 }}

Although Mohs micrographic surgery has been previously described, the standard of care for malignant glomus tumors still involves wide local excision with negative surgical margins. It is not currently advised to use adjuvant chemotherapy for primary glomangiosarcoma.{{cite journal | last1=Oh | first1=Stephen D. | last2=Stephenson | first2=Daniel | last3=Schnall | first3=Stephen | last4=Fassola | first4=Isabella | last5=Dinh | first5=Paul | title=Malignant Glomus Tumor of the Hand | journal=Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology | publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | volume=17 | issue=3 | year=2009 | issn=1541-2016 | doi=10.1097/pai.0b013e31818a9d5d | pages=264–269| pmid=18997618 }}

• Angiosarcoma
• Glomus tumor

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal | last1=Rkiba | first1=Zakaria | last2=Rafai | first2=Mohamed | last3=Rajaallah | first3=Abdessamad | last4=Elkassimi | first4=Charafeddine | last5=Garch | first5=Abdelhak | title=Malignant glomus tumor of the foot. Case report | journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=79 | year=2021 | issn=2210-2612 | doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.01.050 | pages=413–416 | pmid=33524797 | pmc=7851418 | ref=none}}
• {{cite journal | last1=Abu-Zaid | first1=Ahmed | last2=Azzam | first2=Ayman | last3=Amin | first3=Tarek | last4=Mohammed | first4=Shamayel | title=Malignant Glomus Tumor (Glomangiosarcoma) of Intestinal Ileum: A Rare Case Report | journal=Case Reports in Pathology | publisher=Hindawi Limited | volume=2013 | year=2013 | issn=2090-6781 | doi=10.1155/2013/305321 | doi-access=free | pages=1–5 | pmid=23691399 | pmc=3638502 | ref=none}}

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Category:Dermal and subcutaneous growths

Category:Types of neoplasia