glomerular filtration rate

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time.{{cite book| title= Essentials of Human Physiology| first= Thomas M. |last= Nosek| chapter=Section 7/7ch04/7ch04p11 |chapter-url=http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section7/7ch04/7ch04p11.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section7/7ch04/7ch04p11.htm|archive-date=2016-03-24}} – "Glomerular Filtration Rate" Central to the physiologic maintenance of GFR is the differential basal tone of the afferent (input) and efferent (output) arterioles (see diagram). In other words, the filtration rate is dependent on the difference between the higher blood pressure created by vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole versus the lower blood pressure created by lesser vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

GFR is equal to the renal clearance rate when any solute is freely filtered and is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. The rate therefore measured is the quantity of the substance in the urine that originated from a calculable volume of blood. Relating this principle to the below equation – for the substance used, the product of urine concentration and urine flow equals the mass of substance excreted during the time that urine has been collected. This mass equals the mass filtered at the glomerulus as nothing is added or removed in the nephron. Dividing this mass by the plasma concentration gives the volume of plasma which the mass must have originally come from, and thus the volume of plasma fluid that has entered Bowman's capsule within the aforementioned period of time. The GFR is typically recorded in units of volume per time, e.g., milliliters per minute (mL/min). Compare to filtration fraction.

:$GFR\; =\; \backslash frac\; \{\; \backslash mbox\{Urine\; Concentration\}\; \backslash times\; \backslash mbox\{Urine\; Flow\}\; \}\{\; \backslash mbox\{Plasma\; Concentration\}\; \}$

There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR or eGFR). The above formula only applies for GFR calculation when it is equal to the Clearance Rate.

In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance or estimates of creatinine clearance based on the serum creatinine level are used to measure GFR.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the peritubular capillaries in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10–20%. This margin of error is acceptable, considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured. Unlike precise GFR measurements involving constant infusions of inulin, creatinine is already at a steady-state concentration in the blood, and so measuring creatinine clearance is much less cumbersome. However, creatinine estimates of GFR have their limitations. All of the estimating equations depend on a prediction of the 24-hour creatinine excretion rate, which is a function of muscle mass which is quite variable. One of the equations, the Cockcroft and Gault equation (see below) does not correct for race. With a higher muscle mass, serum creatinine will be higher for any given rate of clearance.

The GFR can be determined by injecting inulin or the inulin-analog sinistrin into the blood stream. Since both inulin and sinistrin are neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidney after glomerular filtration, their rate of excretion is directly proportional to the rate of filtration of water and solutes across the glomerular filter. Incomplete urine collection is an important source of error in inulin clearance measurement.{{cite journal | author = Rose GA | year = 1969 | title = Measurement of glomerular filtration rate by inulin clearance without urine collection | journal = BMJ | volume = 2 | issue = 5649| pages = 91–3 | doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5649.91| pmc = 1982852 | pmid=5775456}}

Using inulin to measure kidney function is the "gold standard" for comparison with other means of estimating glomerular filtration rate.{{cite journal|last1=Hsu|first1=CY|last2=Bansal|first2=N|title=Measured GFR as "gold standard"--all that glitters is not gold?|journal=Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology|date=August 2011|volume=6|issue=8|pages=1813–4|pmid=21784836|doi=10.2215/cjn.06040611|doi-access=free}} In 2018, the French pharmacovigilance agency withdrew inulin and sinistrin-based products from the market after some patients experienced hypersensitivity reactions including a fatal outcome.{{cite journal |vauthors=Bui TV, Prot-Bertoye C, Ayari H, Baron S, Bertocchio JP, Bureau C, Davis P, Blanchard A, Houillier P, Prie D, Lillo-Le Louet A, Courbebaisse M |title=Safety of Inulin and Sinistrin: Combining Several Sources for Pharmacovigilance Purposes |journal=Front Pharmacol |volume=12 |issue= |pages=725417 |date=2021 |pmid=34867328 |pmc=8637630 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2021.725417 |doi-access=free}} Consequently, the contrast agents Iohexol and Iothalamate have become more popular alternatives to determine GFR and are considered to show sufficient accuracy to determine GFR.{{cite journal |vauthors=Soveri I, Berg UB, Björk J, Elinder CG, Grubb A, Mejare I, Sterner G, Bäck SE |title=Measuring GFR: a systematic review |journal=Am J Kidney Dis |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=411–24 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24840668 |doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.04.010 }}

GFR can be accurately measured using radioactive substances, in particular chromium-51 and technetium-99m. These come close to the ideal properties of inulin (undergoing only glomerular filtration) but can be measured more practically with only a few urine or blood samples.{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=A. W.|last2=Barnfield|first2=M. C.|last3=Waller|first3=M. L.|last4=Telford|first4=T.|last5=Peters|first5=A. M.|title=Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate Measurement with Plasma Sampling: A Technical Review|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology|date=8 May 2013|volume=41|issue=2|pages=67–75|doi=10.2967/jnmt.113.121004|pmid=23658207|doi-access=free}} Measurement of renal or plasma clearance of ⁵¹Cr-EDTA is widely used in Europe but not available in the United States, where ^99mTc-DTPA may be used instead.{{cite book|last1=Speeckaert|first1=Marijn|last2=Delanghe|first2=Joris|editor1-last=Giuseppe|editor1-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Winearls|editor2-first=Christopher|editor3-last=Remuzzi|editor3-first=Giuseppe|title=Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-959254-8|pages=44|edition=4th|chapter=Assessment of renal function}} Renal and plasma clearance ⁵¹Cr-EDTA has been shown to be accurate in comparison with the gold standard, inulin.{{cite journal|last1=Henriksen|first1=Ulrik L.|last2=Henriksen|first2=Jens H.|title=The clearance concept with special reference to determination of glomerular filtration rate in patients with fluid retention|journal=Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging|date=January 2015|volume=35|issue=1|pages=7–16|doi=10.1111/cpf.12149|pmid=24750696|s2cid=44756080}}{{cite journal|last1=Soveri|first1=Inga|last2=Berg|first2=Ulla B.|last3=Björk|first3=Jonas|last4=Elinder|first4=Carl-Gustaf|last5=Grubb|first5=Anders|last6=Mejare|first6=Ingegerd|last7=Sterner|first7=Gunnar|last8=Bäck|first8=Sten-Erik|title=Measuring GFR: A Systematic Review|journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases|date=September 2014|volume=64|issue=3|pages=411–424|doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.04.010|pmid=24840668}} Use of ⁵¹Cr‑EDTA is considered a reference standard measure in UK guidance.{{cite web|title=Chronic kidney disease in adults: assessment and management|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg182/chapter/1-recommendations#when-highly-accurate-measures-of-gfr-are-required|website=NICE|date=23 July 2014 |access-date=19 August 2016}}

Problems with creatinine (varying muscle mass, recent meat ingestion (much less dependent on the diet than urea), etc.) have led to evaluation of alternative agents for estimation of GFR. One of these is cystatin C, a ubiquitous protein secreted by most cells in the body (it is an inhibitor of cysteine protease).{{cite journal |vauthors=Schück O, Teplan V, Jabor A, Stollova M, Skibova J |title=Glomerular filtration rate estimation in patients with advanced chronic renal insufficiency based on serum cystatin C levels |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=c146–51 |date=2003 |pmid=12759583 |doi=10.1159/000070234 }}

Cystatin C is freely filtered at the glomerulus. After filtration, Cystatin C is reabsorbed and catabolized by the tubular epithelial cells, with only small amounts excreted in the urine. Cystatin C levels are therefore measured not in the urine, but in the bloodstream.

Equations have been developed linking estimated GFR to serum cystatin C levels.{{cite journal|author=Stevens LA|author2=Coresh J|author3=Schmid CH|last4=Feldman|first4=Harold I.|last5=Froissart|first5=Marc|last6=Kusek|first6=John|last7=Rossert|first7=Jerome|last8=Van Lente|first8=Frederick|last9=Bruce|first9=Robert D.|date=March 2008|title=Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3,418 individuals with CKD|journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases|volume=51|issue=3|pages=395–406|doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.018|pmc=2390827|pmid=18295055}} Most recently, some proposed equations have combined sex, age, adjusted cystatin C and creatinine. In 2022, the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and American Society of Nephrology (ASN)'s Joint Task Force on Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Diseases recommended national efforts to facilitate increased, routine, and timely use of cystatin C. They noted that cystatin C would be useful particularly to confirm estimated GFR in adults who are at risk for or have chronic kidney disease. They suggested that combining filtration markers (creatinine and cystatin C) is more accurate and would support better clinical decisions than either marker alone.

More precisely, GFR is the fluid flow rate between the glomerular capillaries and the Bowman's capsule:

: $Q=\{\backslash operatorname\{d\}V\backslash over\backslash operatorname\{d\}t\}\; =\; K\_f\; \backslash times\; (P\_G\; -\; P\_B\; -\; \backslash Pi\_G\; +\; \backslash Pi\_B)${{cite book |last1=Guyton |first1=Arthur |last2=Hall |first2=John |editor1-first=Rebecca |editor1-last=Gruliow |title=Textbook of Medical Physiology |edition=11th |year=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7216-0240-0 |pages=308–325 |chapter=26: Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control}}{{cite book |last1=Keener |first1=James |last2=Sneyd |first2=James |editor1-first=J.E. |editor1-last=Marsden |others=Sirovich, Wiggins |title=Mathematical Physiology |type=Book |edition=1st |series=Interdisciplinary Mathematics |volume=8 (Mathematical Biology) |year=2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-98381-3 |pages=612–636 |chapter=20: Renal Physiology |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-22706-7_20 |doi=10.1007/0-387-22706-7_20}}

Where:

• $Q$ is the GFR.
• $K\_f$ is called the filtration constant and is defined as the product of the hydraulic conductivity and the surface area of the glomerular capillaries.
• $P\_G$ is the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
• $P\_B$ is the hydrostatic pressure within the Bowman's capsule.
• $\backslash Pi\_G$ is the colloid osmotic pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
• and $\backslash Pi\_B$ is the colloid osmotic pressure within the Bowman's capsule.

Because this constant is a measurement of hydraulic conductivity multiplied by the capillary surface area, it is almost impossible to measure physically. However, it can be determined experimentally. Methods of determining the GFR are listed in the above and below sections and it is clear from our equation that $K\_f$ can be found by dividing the experimental GFR by the net filtration pressure:

: $K\_f\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash textrm\{GFR\}\}\{\backslash text\{Net\; Filt.\; Pressure\}\}=\backslash frac\{\backslash textrm\{GFR\}\}\{(P\_G\; -\; P\_B\; -\; \backslash Pi\_G\; +\; \backslash Pi\_B)\}$

The hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries is determined by the pressure difference between the fluid entering immediately from the afferent arteriole and leaving through the efferent arteriole. The pressure difference is approximated by the product of the total resistance of the respective arteriole and the flux of blood through it:

: $P\_a\; -\; P\_G\; =\; R\_a\; \backslash times\; Q\_a$

: $P\_G\; -\; P\_e\; =\; R\_e\; \backslash times\; Q\_e$

Where:

• $P\_a$ is the afferent arteriole pressure.
• $P\_G$ is the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
• $P\_e$ is the efferent arteriole pressure.
• $R\_a$ is the afferent arteriole resistance.
• $R\_e$ is the efferent arteriole resistance.
• $Q\_a$ is the afferent arteriole flux.
• And, $Q\_e$ is the efferent arteriole flux.

The pressure in the Bowman's capsule and proximal tubule can be determined by the difference between the pressure in the Bowman's capsule and the descending tubule:

: $P\_B\; -\; P\_d\; =\; R\_d\; \backslash times\; (Q\_a\; -\; Q\_e)$

Where:

• $P\_d$ is the pressure in the descending tubule.
• And, $R\_d$ is the resistance of the descending tubule.

Blood plasma has a good many proteins in it and they exert an inward directed force called the osmotic pressure on the water in hypotonic solutions across a membrane, i.e., in the Bowman's capsule. Because plasma proteins are virtually incapable of escaping the glomerular capillaries, this oncotic pressure is defined, simply, by the ideal gas law:

: $\backslash Pi\_G\; =\; RTc$

Where:

• R is the universal gas constant
• T is the temperature.
• And, c is concentration in mol/L of plasma proteins (remember the solutes can freely diffuse through the glomerular capsule).

This value is almost always taken to be equal to zero because in a healthy nephron, there should be no proteins in the Bowman's capsule.

The filtration fraction is the amount of plasma that is actually filtered through the kidney. This can be defined using the equation:

{{math|FF{{=}}{{sfrac|GFR|RPF}}}}

• FF is the filtration fraction
• GFR is the glomerular filtration rate
• RPF is the renal plasma flow

Normal human FF is 20%.

{{math|C_x{{=}}(U_x){{sfrac|V|P_x}}}}

• {{math|C_x}} is the clearance of X (normally in units of mL/min).
• {{math|U_x}} is the urine concentration of X.
• {{math|P_x}} is the plasma concentration of X.
• {{math|V}} is the urine flow rate.

In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance or estimates of creatinine clearance based on the serum creatinine level are used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body (creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate, which is found in muscle). It is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the peritubular capillaries in very small amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10–20%. This margin of error is acceptable, considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured. Unlike precise GFR measurements involving constant infusions of inulin, creatinine is already at a steady-state concentration in the blood, and so measuring creatinine clearance is much less cumbersome. However, creatinine estimates of GFR have their limitations. All of the estimating equations depend on a prediction of the 24-hour creatinine excretion rate, which is a function of muscle mass which is quite variable. The Cockcroft-Gault and CKD-EPI 2021 equations (see below) do not correct for race. With a higher muscle mass, serum creatinine will be higher for any given rate of clearance.{{cite journal |vauthors=Stehlé T, Delanaye P |title=Which is the best glomerular filtration marker: Creatinine, cystatin C or both? |journal=Eur J Clin Invest |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=e14278 |date=October 2024 |pmid=38949475 |doi=10.1111/eci.14278 |doi-access=free }}

A common mistake made when just looking at serum creatinine is the failure to account for muscle mass. Hence, an older woman with a serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/dL may actually have a moderately severe chronic kidney disease, whereas a young muscular male can have a normal level of renal function at this serum creatinine level. Creatinine-based equations should be used with caution in cachectic patients and patients with cirrhosis. They often have very low muscle mass and a much lower creatinine excretion rate than predicted by the equations below, such that a cirrhotic patient with a serum creatinine of 0.9 mg/dL may have a moderately severe degree of chronic kidney disease.

Estimated GFR (eGFR) is now recommended by clinical practice guidelines and regulatory agencies for routine evaluation of GFR whereas measured GFR (mGFR) is recommended as a confirmatory test when more accurate assessment is required.

One method of determining GFR from creatinine is to collect urine (usually for 24 h) to determine the amount of creatinine that was removed from the blood over a given time interval. If one removes 1440 mg in 24 h, this is equivalent to removing 1 mg/min. If the blood concentration is 0.01 mg/mL (1 mg/dL), then one can say that 100 mL/min of blood is being "cleared" of creatinine, since, to get 1 mg of creatinine, 100 mL of blood containing 0.01 mg/mL would need to have been cleared.

Creatinine clearance (C_Cr) is calculated from the creatinine concentration in the collected urine sample (U_Cr), urine flow rate (Vdt), and the plasma concentration (P_Cr). Since the product of urine concentration and urine flow rate yields creatinine excretion rate, which is the rate of removal from the blood, creatinine clearance is calculated as removal rate per min (U_Cr×Vdt) divided by the plasma creatinine concentration. This is commonly represented mathematically as

:$C\_\{Cr\}\; =\; \backslash frac\; \{\; U\_\{Cr\}\; \backslash times\; \backslash dot\{V\}\; \}\{\; P\_\{Cr\}\; \}$

Example: A person has a plasma creatinine concentration of 0.01 mg/mL and in 1 hour produces 60 mL of urine with a creatinine concentration of 1.25 mg/mL.

:$C\_\{Cr\}\; =\; \backslash frac\; \backslash mathrm\{1.25\backslash \; mg/mL\; \backslash times\; \backslash frac\{60\backslash \; mL\}\{60\backslash \; min\}\}\backslash mathrm\{0.01\backslash \; mg/mL\}\; =\; \backslash frac\; \backslash mathrm\{\; \{1.25\backslash \; mg/mL\}\; \backslash times\; \{1\backslash \; mL/min\}\}\backslash mathrm\{0.01\backslash \; mg/mL\}\; =\; \backslash frac\; \backslash mathrm\{1.25\backslash \; mg/min\}\backslash mathrm\{0.01\backslash \; mg/mL\}\; =\; \backslash mathrm\{125\backslash \; mL/min\}$

The common procedure involves undertaking a 24-hour urine collection, from empty-bladder one morning to the contents of the bladder the following morning, with a comparative blood test then taken. The urinary flow rate is still calculated per minute, hence:

:$C\_\{Cr\}\; =\; \backslash frac\; \{\; U\_\{Cr\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{24-hour\; volume\}\; \}\backslash mathrm\{P\_\{Cr\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 24\; \backslash times\; 60\backslash \; min\}$

To allow comparison of results between people of different sizes, the C_Cr is often corrected for the body surface area (BSA) and expressed compared to the average sized man as mL/min/1.73 m². While most adults have a BSA that approaches 1.7 m² (1.6 m² to 1.9 m²), extremely obese or slim patients should have their C_Cr corrected for their actual BSA.

:$C\_\backslash text\{Cr-corrected\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{\{C\_\{Cr\}\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \{BSA\}\}\; \backslash mathrm\{1.73\}$

:BSA can be calculated on the basis of weight and height.

Twenty-four-hour urine collection to assess creatinine clearance is no longer widely performed, due to difficulty in assuring complete specimen collection. To assess the adequacy of a complete collection, one always calculates the amount of creatinine excreted over a 24-hour period. This amount varies with muscle mass and is higher in young people/old, and in men/women. An unexpectedly low or high 24-hour creatinine excretion rate voids the test. Nevertheless, in cases where estimates of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine are unreliable, creatinine clearance remains a useful test. These cases include "estimation of GFR in individuals with variation in dietary intake (vegetarian diet, creatine supplements) or muscle mass (amputation, malnutrition, muscle wasting), since these factors are not specifically taken into account in prediction equations."{{cite web |url=http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/p5_lab_g4.htm |title=KDOQI CKD Guidelines |access-date=2010-08-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121003072347/http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/p5_lab_g4.htm| archive-date= 2012-10-03}}

A number of formulae have been devised to estimate GFR or C_cr values on the basis of serum creatinine levels. Where not otherwise stated serum creatinine is assumed to be stated in mg/dL, not μmol/L—divide by 88.4 to convert from μmol/Lto mg/dL.

A commonly used surrogate marker for the estimation of creatinine clearance is the Cockcroft–Gault (CG) formula, which in turn estimates GFR in ml/min:[http://www.cato.at/webservice/servlet/location?goto=SERVICE_CALC&lang=EN&URL=%22calc/cato_GFR_CG.htm%22 GFR Calculator at cato.at – Cockcroft-Gault] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905112600/http://www.cato.at/webservice/servlet/location?goto=SERVICE_CALC&lang=EN&URL=%22calc%2Fcato_GFR_CG.htm%22 |date=2004-09-05 }} – GFR calculation (Cockcroft-Gault formula) It is named after the scientists, the asthmologist {{ill|Donald William Cockcroft|de|Donald W. Cockcroft}} (b. 1946) and the nephrologist {{ill|Matthew Henry Gault|de}} (1925–2003), who first published the formula in 1976, and it employs serum creatinine measurements and a patient's weight to predict the creatinine clearance.{{cite journal |vauthors=Cockcroft DW, Gault MH |title=Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine |journal=Nephron |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=31–41 |year=1976 |pmid=1244564 |doi=10.1159/000180580}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Gault MH, Longerich LL, Harnett JD, Wesolowski C |title=Predicting glomerular function from adjusted serum creatinine |journal=Nephron |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=249–56 |year=1992 |pmid=1436333 |doi=10.1159/000187054}}

The formula, as originally published, is:

:$eC\_\{Cr\}\; =\; \backslash frac\; \{\; \backslash mathrm\{(140\; -\; Age)\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{Mass\; (in\; kilograms)\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; [\backslash text\{0.85\; if\; Female\}]\}\; \{\backslash mathrm\{72\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; [\backslash text\{Serum\; Creatinine\; (in\; mg/dL)\}]\}$

:This formula expects weight to be measured in kilograms and creatinine to be measured in mg/dL, as is standard in the US. The resulting value is multiplied by a constant of 0.85 if the patient is female. This formula is useful because the calculations are simple and can often be performed without the aid of a calculator.

When serum creatinine is measured in μmol/L:

:$eC\_\{Cr\}\; =\; \backslash frac\; \{\; \backslash mathrm\{(140\; -\; Age)\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{Mass\; (in\; kilograms)\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{Constant\}\; \}\; \{[\backslash text\{Serum\; Creatinine\; (in\; \}\; \backslash mu\; \backslash mathrm\{mol/L)\}]\}$

:Where Constant is {{val|1.23}} for men and {{val|1.04}} for women.

One interesting feature of the Cockcroft and Gault equation is that it shows how dependent the estimation of CCr is based on age. The age term is (140 – age). This means that a 20-year-old person (140 – 20 = 120) will have twice the creatinine clearance as an 80-year-old (140 – 80 = 60) for the same level of serum creatinine. The C-G equation assumes that a woman will have a 15% lower creatinine clearance than a man at the same level of serum creatinine.

Another formula for calculating the GFR is the one developed by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group.{{cite journal |vauthors=Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D |s2cid=1902375 |title=A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=130 |issue=6 |pages=461–70 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10075613 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002}} Most laboratories in Australia,{{cite journal |vauthors=Mathew TH, Johnson DW, Jones GR |title=Chronic kidney disease and automatic reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rate: revised recommendations |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=187 |issue=8 |pages=459–63 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17937643 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/187_08_15/10/07/mat10525_fm.html|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01357.x |s2cid=14920030 }} and the United Kingdom now calculate and report the estimated GFR along with creatinine measurements and this forms the basis of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease.{{cite web |author=Joint Specialty Committee on Renal Disease |title=Chronic kidney disease in adults: UK guidelines for identification, management and referral |date=June 2005 |url=http://www.renal.org/CKDguide/full/UKCKDfull.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019043929/http://www.renal.org/CKDguide/full/UKCKDfull.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-19 }}{{cite web |author=www.nice.org.uk |title=Chronic kidney disease in adults: assessment and management |date=July 2014 |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg182/chapter/1-Recommendations#investigations-for-chronic-kidney-disease-2 }} The adoption of the automatic reporting of MDRD-eGFR has been widely criticised.{{cite journal |author=Davey RX |title=Chronic kidney disease and automatic reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rate |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=184 |issue=1 |pages=42–3; author reply 43 |date=January 2006 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00098.x |pmid=16398632 |hdl=2440/34660 |s2cid=9648508 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/184_01_/02/01/06/matters_arising_020106_fm-6.html|hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Twomey PJ, Reynolds TM |title=The MDRD formula and validation |journal=QJM |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=804–5 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17041249 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcl108|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Kallner A, Ayling PA, Khatami Z |s2cid=14970724 |title=Does eGFR improve the diagnostic capability of S-Creatinine concentration results? A retrospective population based study |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=9–17 |year=2008 |pmid=18219370 |pmc=2204044 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5.9}}

The most commonly used formula is the "4-variable MDRD", which estimates GFR using four variables: serum creatinine, age, ethnicity, and gender.{{cite journal |author=National Kidney Foundation |title=K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification |journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases |volume=39 |issue=2 Suppl 1 |pages=S1–266 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11904577 |doi=10.1016/S0272-6386(02)70081-4}} The original MDRD used six variables with the additional variables being the blood urea nitrogen and albumin levels. The equations have been validated in patients with chronic kidney disease; however, both versions underestimate the GFR in healthy patients with GFRs over 60 mL/min.{{cite journal |vauthors=Rule AD, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Jacobsen SJ, Cosio FG |s2cid=30342139 |title=Using serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate: accuracy in good health and in chronic kidney disease |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=141 |issue=12 |pages=929–37 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15611490 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00009}}{{cite journal |author=Levey AS |title=Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=145 |issue=4 |pages=247–54 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16908915 |author2=Coresh J |author3=Greene T |last4=Stevens |first4=LA |last5=Zhang |first5=YL |last6=Hendriksen |first6=S |last7=Kusek |first7=JW |last8=Van Lente |first8=F |author9=Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration |s2cid=37149831 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00004}} The equations have not been validated in acute renal failure.

For creatinine in μmol/L:

:$\backslash text\{eGFR\}\; =\; \backslash text\{32788\}\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; [\backslash text\{Serum\; Creatinine\}]^\{-1.154\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{Age\}^\{-0.203\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{[1.212\; if\; Black]\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{[0.742\; if\; Female]\}$

For creatinine in mg/dL:

:$\backslash text\{eGFR\}\; =\; \backslash text\{186\}\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; [\backslash text\{Serum\; Creatinine\}]^\{-1.154\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{Age\}^\{-0.203\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{[1.212\; if\; Black]\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{[0.742\; if\; Female]\}$

:Creatinine levels in μmol/L can be converted to mg/dL by dividing them by 88.4. The 32788 number above is equal to 186×88.4^1.154.

A more elaborate version of the MDRD equation also includes serum albumin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels:

:$\backslash text\{eGFR\}\; =\; \backslash text\{170\}\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; [\backslash text\{Serum\; Creatinine\}]^\{-0.999\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{Age\}^\{-0.176\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{[0.762\; if\; Female]\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{[1.180\; if\; Black]\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{BUN\}^\{-0.170\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{Albumin\}^\{+0.318\}$

:where the creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations are both in mg/dL. The albumin concentration is in g/dL.

These MDRD equations are to be used only if the laboratory has NOT calibrated its serum creatinine measurements to isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). When IDMS-calibrated serum creatinine is used (which is about 6% lower), the above equations should be multiplied by 175/186 or by 0.94086.{{cite web | title = GFR MDRD Calculator for Adults | work = National Kidney Disease Education Program | publisher = National Institutes of Health | url = http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/gfr_calculators/idms_con.htm | location = United States | access-date = 2009-11-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120226204408/http://nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/gfr_calculators/idms_con.htm | archive-date = 2012-02-26 | url-status = dead }}

Since these formulae do not adjust for body size, results are given in units of mL/min per 1.73 m², 1.73 m² being the estimated body surface area of an adult with a mass of 63 kg and a height of 1.7 m.

The CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) formula was first published in May 2009. It was developed in an effort to create a formula more accurate than the MDRD formula, especially when actual GFR is greater than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m². This is the formula currently recommended by NICE in the UK.

Researchers pooled data from multiple studies to develop and validate this new equation. They used 10 studies that included 8254 participants, randomly using 2/3 of the data sets for development and the other 1/3 for internal validation. Sixteen additional studies, which included 3896 participants, were used for external validation.

The CKD-EPI equation performed better than the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study) equation, especially at higher GFR, with less bias and greater accuracy. When looking at NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data, the median estimated GFR was 94.5 mL/min per 1.73 m² vs. 85.0 mL/min per 1.73 m², and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 11.5% versus 13.1%. Despite its overall superiority to the MDRD equation, the CKD-EPI equations performed poorly in certain populations, including black women, the elderly and the obese, and was less popular among clinicians than the MDRD estimate.{{cite journal|last1=Hougardy|first1=JM|last2=Delanaye|first2=P|last3=Le Moine|first3=A|last4=Nortier|first4=J|title=Estimation of the glomerular filtration rate in 2014 by tests and equations: strengths and weaknesses.|journal=Rev Med Brux|date=2014|volume=35|issue=4|pages=250–7|pmid=25675627|language=fr}}

The 2009 CKD-EPI equation is:

:$\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 141\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{\backslash min(SCr/k,1)\}^\{a\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{\backslash max(SCr/k,1)\}^\{-1.209\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.993^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{[1.018\; if\; Female]\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{[1.159\; if\; Black]\}\; \backslash$

where SCr is serum creatinine (mg/dL), k is 0.7 for females and 0.9 for males, a is −0.329 for females and −0.411 for males, min indicates the minimum of SCr/k or 1, and max indicates the maximum of SCr/k or 1.

As separate equations for different populations:

For creatinine (IDMS calibrated) in mg/dL:

;Male, not black

: If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.9

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 141\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.9)\}^\{-0.411\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.993^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

: If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.9

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 141\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.9)\}^\{-1.209\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.993^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

;Female, not black

: If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.7

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 144\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.7)\}^\{-0.329\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.993^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

: If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.7

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 144\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.7)\}^\{-1.209\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.993^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

;Black male

: If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.9

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 163\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.9)\}^\{-0.411\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.993^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

: If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.9

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 163\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.9)\}^\{-1.209\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.993^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

;Black female

: If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.7

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 166\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.7)\}^\{-0.329\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.993^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

: If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.7

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 166\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.7)\}^\{-1.209\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.993^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

This formula was developed by Levey et al.{{cite journal |author=Levey AS |title=A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=150 |issue=9 |pages=604–12 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19414839 |pmc=2763564 |author2=Stevens LA |author3=Schmid CH |last4=Zhang |first4=YL |last5=Castro |first5=Af |last6=Feldman |first6=HI |last7=Kusek |first7=JW |last8=Eggers |first8=P |last9=Van Lente |first9=F |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006}}

The 2009 CKD-EPI formula was suggested to improve cardiovascular risk prediction over the MDRD Study formula in a middle-age population.{{cite journal |vauthors=Matsushita K, Selvin E, Bash LD, Astor BC, Coresh J |title=Risk implications of the new CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation compared with the MDRD Study equation for estimated GFR: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study |journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=648–59 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20189275 |pmc=2858455 |doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.12.016}}

The 2021 CKD-EPI formula{{cite journal |vauthors=Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, Tighiouart H, Wang D, Sang Y, Crews DC, Doria A, Estrella MM, Froissart M, Grams ME, Greene T, Grubb A, Gudnason V, Gutiérrez OM, Kalil R, Karger AB, Mauer M, Navis G, Nelson RG, Poggio ED, Rodby R, Rossing P, Rule AD, Selvin E, Seegmiller JC, Shlipak MG, Torres VE, Yang W, Ballew SH, Couture SJ, Powe NR, Levey AS |title=New Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=385 |issue=19 |pages=1737–49 |date=November 2021 |pmid=34554658 |pmc=8822996 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2102953 }} does not include a race coefficient (see discussion below).

The 2021 CKD-EPI equation is:

:$\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 142\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{\backslash min(SCr/k,1)\}^\{a\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{\backslash max(SCr/k,1)\}^\{-1.209\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.9938^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{[1.012\; if\; Female]\}\; \backslash$

where SCr is serum creatinine (mg/dL), k is 0.7 for females and 0.9 for males, a is −0.241 for females and −0.302 for males, min indicates the minimum of SCr/k or 1, and max indicates the maximum of SCr/k or 1.

As separate equations for different populations:

For creatinine (IDMS calibrated) in mg/dL:

;Male

: If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.9

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 142\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.9)\}^\{-0.302\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.9938^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

: If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.9

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 142\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.9)\}^\{-1.2\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.9938^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

;Female

: If serum creatinine (Scr) ≤ 0.7

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 143\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.7)\}^\{-0.241\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.9938^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

: If serum creatinine (Scr) > 0.7

:: $\backslash mathrm\{eGFR\}\; =\; 143\backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash mathrm\{(SCr/0.7)\}^\{-1.2\}\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; 0.9938^\backslash text\{Age\}\; \backslash$

Another estimation tool to calculate GFR is the Mayo Quadratic formula. This formula was developed by Rule et al., in an attempt to better estimate GFR in patients with preserved kidney function. It is well recognized that the MDRD formula tends to underestimate GFR in patients with preserved kidney function. Studies in 2008 found that the Mayo Clinic Quadratic Equation compared moderately well with radionuclide GFR, but had inferior bias and accuracy than the MDRD equation in a clinical setting.{{cite journal|last1=Saleem|first1=Mohamed|last2=Florkowski|first2=Christopher M|last3=George|first3=Peter M|title=Comparison of the Mayo Clinic Quadratic Equation with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation and radionuclide glomerular filtration rate in a clinical setting|journal=Nephrology|volume=13|issue=8|year=2008|pages=684–8|issn=1320-5358|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01045.x|pmid=19154321|s2cid=45943783}}{{cite journal|last1=Fontsere|first1=N.|last2=Bonal|first2=J.|last3=Salinas|first3=I.|last4=de Arellano|first4=M. R.|last5=Rios|first5=J.|last6=Torres|first6=F.|last7=Sanmarti|first7=A.|last8=Romero|first8=R.|s2cid=24211196|title=Is the New Mayo Clinic Quadratic Equation Useful for the Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Type 2 Diabetic Patients?|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=31|issue=12|year=2008|pages=2265–7|doi=10.2337/dc08-0958|pmid=18835955|pmc=2584175}}

The equation is:

:$\backslash text\{eGFR\}\; =\; \backslash text\{exp\}\{(1.911+\; 5.249/[\backslash text\{Serum\; Creatinine\}]\; -\; 2.114/[\backslash text\{Serum\; Creatinine\}]^2\; -\; 0.00686\; \backslash \; \backslash times\; \backslash \; \backslash text\{Age\}\; -\; \backslash text\{[0.205\; if\; Female]\})\}$

If Serum Creatinine < 0.8 mg/dL, use 0.8 mg/dL for Serum Creatinine.

In children, the Schwartz formula is used. This employs the serum creatinine (mg/dL), the child's height (cm) and a constant to estimate the glomerular filtration rate:

:$\backslash text\{eGFR\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{\; \{k\}\; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{Height\}\; \}\backslash text\{Serum\; Creatinine\}$

:Where k is a constant that depends on muscle mass, which itself varies with a child's age:

::In first year of life, for pre-term babies k=0.33{{cite journal |vauthors=Brion LP, Fleischman AR, McCarton C, Schwartz GJ |title=A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in low birth weight infants during the first year of life: noninvasive assessment of body composition and growth |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=698–707 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3761090 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(86)80245-1}} and for full-term infants k=0.45{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwartz GJ, Feld LG, Langford DJ |title=A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in full-term infants during the first year of life |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=849–54 |date=June 1984 |pmid=6726515 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80479-5}}

::For infants and children of age 1 to 12 years, k=0.55.{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwartz GJ, Haycock GB, Edelmann CM, Spitzer A |title=A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine |journal=Pediatrics |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=259–63 |date=August 1976 |doi=10.1542/peds.58.2.259 |pmid=951142|s2cid=38437700 }}

The method of selection of the constant k has been questioned as being dependent upon the gold-standard of renal function used (i.e. inulin clearance, creatinine clearance, etc.) and also may be dependent upon the urinary flow rate at the time of measurement.{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0929-693X(99)80204-8 |vauthors=Haenggi MH, Pelet J, Guignard JP |title=Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by the formula GFR {{=}} K x T/Pc |language=fr |journal=Archives de Pédiatrie |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=165–72 |date=February 1999 |pmid=10079885}}

In 2009 the formula was updated to use standardized serum creatinine (recommend k=0.413) and additional formulas that allow improved precision were derived if serum cystatin C is measured in addition to serum creatinine.{{cite journal |author=Schwartz GJ |title=New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=629–37 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19158356 |pmc=2653687 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2008030287 |author2=Muñoz A |author3=Schneider MF |last4=Mak |first4=R. H. |last5=Kaskel |first5=F. |last6=Warady |first6=B. A. |last7=Furth |first7=S. L.}}

One problem with any creatinine-based equation for GFR is that the methods used to assay creatinine in the blood differ widely in their susceptibility to non-specific chromogens, which cause the creatinine value to be overestimated. In particular, the MDRD equation was derived using serum creatinine measurements that had this problem. The NKDEP program in the United States has attempted to solve this problem by trying to get all laboratories to calibrate their measures of creatinine to a "gold standard", which in this case is isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). In late 2009 not all labs in the U.S. had changed over to the new system. There are two forms of the MDRD equation that are available, depending on whether or not creatinine was measured by an IDMS-calibrated assay. The CKD-EPI equation is designed to be used with IDMS-calibrated serum creatinine values only.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100–130 average 125 mL/min/1.73m² in men and 90–120 ml/min/1.73m² in women younger than the age of 40. In children, GFR measured by inulin clearance is 110 mL/min/1.73 m² until 2 years of age in both sexes, and then it progressively decreases. After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by 0.4–1.2 mL/min per year.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

A decreased renal function can be caused by many types of kidney disease. Upon presentation of decreased renal function, it is recommended to perform a history and physical examination, as well as performing a renal ultrasound and a urinalysis.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The most relevant items in the history are medications, edema, nocturia, gross hematuria, family history of kidney disease, diabetes and polyuria. The most important items in a physical examination are signs of vasculitis, lupus erythematosus, diabetes, endocarditis and hypertension.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

A urinalysis is helpful even when not showing any pathology, as this finding suggests an extrarenal etiology. Proteinuria and/or urinary sediment usually indicates the presence of glomerular disease. Hematuria may be caused by glomerular disease or by a disease along the urinary tract.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

The most relevant assessments in a renal ultrasound are renal sizes, echogenicity and any signs of hydronephrosis. Renal enlargement usually indicates diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerular sclerosis or myeloma. Renal atrophy suggests longstanding chronic renal disease.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

{{main|Chronic kidney disease}}

Risk factors for kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, older age, ethnic group and smoking.

For most patients, a GFR over 60 mL/min/1.73 m² is adequate. But significant decline of the GFR from a previous test result can be an early indicator of kidney disease requiring medical intervention. The sooner kidney dysfunction is diagnosed and treated the greater odds of preserving remaining nephrons, and preventing the need for dialysis.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described by six stages; the most severe three are defined by the MDRD-eGFR value, and first three also depend on whether there is other evidence of kidney disease (e.g., proteinuria):

:0) Normal kidney function – GFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m² and no proteinuria

:1) CKD1 – GFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m² with evidence of kidney damage

:2) CKD2 (mild) – GFR of 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m² with evidence of kidney damage

:3) CKD3 (moderate) – GFR of 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m²

:4) CKD4 (severe) – GFR of 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m²

:5) CKD5 kidney failure – GFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m² Some people add CKD5D for those stage 5 patients requiring dialysis; many patients in CKD5 are not yet on dialysis.

Note: others add a "T" to patients who have had a transplant regardless of stage.

Not all clinicians agree with the above classification, suggesting that it may mislabel patients with mildly reduced kidney function, especially the elderly, as having a disease.{{cite journal |vauthors=Bauer C, Melamed ML, Hostetter TH |year= 2008 |title= Staging of Chronic Kidney Disease: Time for a Course Correction |journal= Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume= 19 |pages= 844–46 |doi= 10.1681/ASN.2008010110 |pmid= 18385419 |url= http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/19/5/844.full |issue=5|doi-access= free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Eckardt KU, Berns JS, Rocco MV, Kasiske BL |url=http://www.kdigo.org/meetings_events/pdf/KDOQI-KDIGO_Editorial_on_CKD_Classification.pdf |journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=915–920 |date=June 2009 |title=Definition and Classification of CKD: The Debate Should Be About Patient Prognosis—A Position Statement From KDOQI and KDIGO |doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.001 |pmid=19406541 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725131557/http://www.kdigo.org/meetings_events/pdf/KDOQI-KDIGO_Editorial_on_CKD_Classification.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-25 }} A conference was held in 2009 regarding these controversies by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) on CKD: Definition, Classification and Prognosis, gathering data on CKD prognosis to refine the definition and staging of CKD.{{cite web |year=2009 |url=http://www.kdigo.org/meetings_events/CKD_Controversies_Conference.php |publisher=Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) |title=KDIGO Controversies Conference: Definition, Classification and Prognosis in CKD, London, October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124202928/http://www.kdigo.org/meetings_events/CKD_Controversies_Conference.php |archive-date=2010-11-24 }}

In 2017, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center dropped the Black race coefficient in their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) report, resulting in a steady increase in the percentage of Black patients listed before starting dialysis. Hoenig et al said on the topic "Race is a social construct that cannot be measured, can be used imprecisely and may contribute to disparities in kidney transplant access for Black patients."{{cite journal |last1=Hoenig |first1=MP |last2=Mann |first2=A |last3=Pavlakis |first3=M |title=Removal of the Black race coefficient from the estimated glomerular filtration equation improves transplant eligibility for Black patients at a single center. |journal=Clinical Transplantation |date=February 2022 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=e14467 |doi=10.1111/ctr.14467 |pmid=34605076|s2cid=238256526 }}

In 2020, Vyas et al published an article in The New England Journal of Medicine criticizing the use of race in eGFR calculations which resulted in higher reported eGFR values for black-identifying patients. They noted that "The algorithm developers justified these outcomes with evidence of higher average serum creatinine concentrations among black people than among white people. Explanations that have been given for this finding include the notion that black people release more creatinine into their blood at baseline, in part because they are reportedly more muscular. Analyses have cast doubt on this claim, but the "race-corrected" eGFR remains the standard." They concluded saying "As long as uncertainty persists about the cause of racial differences in serum creatinine levels, we should favor practices that may alleviate health inequities over those that may exacerbate them."{{cite journal |last1=Vyas |first1=Darshali A. |last2=Eisenstein |first2=Leo G. |last3=Jones |first3=David S. |title=Hidden in Plain Sight — Reconsidering the Use of Race Correction in Clinical Algorithms |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=27 August 2020 |volume=383 |issue=9 |pages=874–882 |doi=10.1056/NEJMms2004740|doi-access=free |pmid=32853499 }}

In February 2022, the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and American Society of Nephrology (ASN)'s Joint Task Force on Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Diseases recommended use of the 2021 CKD-EPI equation which discontinues using a race modifier.{{cite journal |vauthors=Delgado C, Baweja M, Crews DC, Eneanya ND, Gadegbeku CA, Inker LA, Mendu ML, Miller WG, Moxey-Mims MM, Roberts GV, St Peter WL, Warfield C, Powe NR |title=A Unifying Approach for GFR Estimation: Recommendations of the NKF-ASN Task Force on Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Disease |journal=Am J Kidney Dis |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=268–288.e1 |date=February 2022 |pmid=34563581 |doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.08.003 }}

In July 2022 the OPTN Board eliminated race-based calculations for transplant candidate listing across all transplant hospitals in the US.{{cite web |title=OPTN Board approves elimination of race-based calculation for transplant candidate listing - OPTN |url=https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/news/optn-board-approves-elimination-of-race-based-calculation-for-transplant-candidate-listing/ |website=optn.transplant.hrsa.gov |publisher=UNOS News Bureau |access-date=12 December 2023}}

• Clearance
• Dialysis
• Filtration fraction
• Kt/V
• Pharmacokinetics
• Renal clearance ratio
• Renal failure
• Standardized Kt/V
• Tubuloglomerular feedback
• Urea reduction ratio

{{reflist|30em}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024226/http://nkdep.nih.gov/lab-evaluation/gfr-calculators.shtml Online GFR Calculator]
• [http://www-users.med.cornell.edu/~spon/picu/calc/crclschw.htm Schwartz formula] for estimating pediatric renal function
• [https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/43/creatinine-clearance-cockcroft-gault-equation Creatinine clearance calculator] (Cockcroft–Gault Equation) by MDCalc
• [https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/76/mdrd-gfr-equation MDRD GFR Equation]
• [https://www.evidencio.com/models/show/1182 GFR calculator using Cystatin C]

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120224110305/http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/index.htm National Kidney Disease Education Program website.] Includes professional references and GFR calculators
• eGFR at [https://www.testing.com/tests/estimated-glomerular-filtration-rate-egfr/ Lab Tests Online]

{{Renal physiology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renal Function}}

Category:Diagnostic nephrology

Category:Renal physiology

Category:Blood tests