goose pulling

[[File:Goose pulling laws world map.svg|400px|thumb|Laws regarding goose pulling (riding, cutting) around the world.

{{Legend|#FFAAAA|Goose pulling discontinued; live goose pulling until 20th century}}

{{Legend|#FF0000|Dead goose pulling; live goose pulling banned in 20th century}}

{{Legend|#FFCC00|Dummy and dead goose pulling; local bans on dead goose pulling in 21st century}}

{{Legend|#008000|Dummy goose pulling; live goose pulling banned in 20th century, dead goose pulling banned in 2019}}

{{Legend|#CCCCCC|No data}}]]

{{Main|Day of the Geese}}

In El Carpio de Tajo goose pulling is practised on every July 25th to celebrate the liberation (Reconquista) from the Arabs in 1141.[http://www.eickenscheidt-nienhausen.de/300/archiv/14_9.pdf Artikel zum Gänsereiten]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Later, during the dictatorship of Franco, the use of live geese was prohibited by a new animal protection law. Instead of geese, ribbons tied to sticks were used, which the riders had to insert into metal rings. When democracy returned to Spain, the use of geese was again allowed. It is currently only practiced with dead geese during the Day of the Geese, part of the San Antolín festival in the Basque fishing-town of Lekeitio.{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Murray |date=2016 |title=The Basque Country and Navarre: France. Spain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcUIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |location=Chalfont St Peter |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |page=121 |isbn=9781841624822 |access-date=17 May 2020}} Animal rights advocates object that even killing the goose before the practice is cruel and should be criminalised. Those in favour of allowing the practice to continue argue that it is a part of Basque culture, those opposed to the practice feel humaneness should take precedence over tradition.Brandes, Stanley. "Torophiles and Torophobes: The Politics of Bulls and Bullfights in Contemporary Spain". Anthropological Quarterly, 2009, Vol. 82, Issue 3. Academic Search Premier.

Goose pulling is attested in the Netherlands as early as the start of the 17th century; the poet Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero referred to it in his 1622 poem {{Lang|nl|Boerengeselschap}} ("Company of Peasants"), describing how a party of peasants going to a goose-pulling contest near Amsterdam end up in a brutal brawl, leading to the lesson that it is best for townspeople to stay away from peasant pleasures.{{cite book|title=Dutch literature in the age of Rembrandt: themes and ideas|last=Schenkeveld|first=Maria A|page=80|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=1991|isbn=978-90-272-2216-9}}

Although the use of live geese was banned in the 1920s, the practice still arouses some controversy. In 2008 the Dutch Party for Animals (PvdD) proposed that it should be banned in the last remaining village of Grevenbicht; the organisers, {{Lang|nl|Folk Verein Gawstrèkkers Beeg|italic=no}}, rejected the proposal, pointing out that there was no question of cruelty to animals because the geese were already dead.{{cite news|title=Dierenpartij wil komaf maken met ganstrekken|url=http://demorgen.be/dm/nl/990/Buitenland/article/detail/176081/2008/02/18/Dierenpartij-wil-komaf-maken-met-ganstrekken.dhtml|work=De Morgen Buitenland|date=2008-02-18|access-date=2010-05-04}} In 2019, dead goose pulling was also prohibited and the practice was henceforth performed with dummy geese.{{Cite news |url=https://www.hartvannederland.nl/nieuws/2019/geen-koppen-meer-van-echte-ganzen-afgetrokken-in-grevenbicht/ |title=Geen koppen meer van echte ganzen afgetrokken in Grevenbicht |work=Hart van Nederland |date=5 March 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020 |language=nl}}

Goose pulling in Belgium was done with live geese until the 1920s, when this was prohibited. Since then, geese are first killed painlessly by a veterinarian ahead of the game, and wrapped in a net to conceal its shape to the audience. Belgian goose pulling is accompanied by an elaborate set of customs. The rider who succeeds in pulling off the goose's head is "crowned" as the "king" of the village for one year and given a crown and mantle. At the end of his "king year" the ruling king has to treat his village "subjects" to a feast of beer, drinks, cigars and bread pudding or sausages held either at his home or at a local pub. Each year the village kings of the region compete with each other to become the "emperor".{{cite news|title=Het abc van het gansrijden |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=GP2M7ASP |work=het Nieuwsblad |date=2010-02-13 |access-date=2010-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611190716/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=GP2M7ASP |archive-date=2011-06-11 }} Children participate as well; in 2008, the children's goose pulling tournament in Lillo near Antwerp was won by a 14-year-old who won 390 euros and a trip to the Plopsaland theme park.{{cite news|title=Michaël (14) wint gansrijden voor kinderen |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=HD1UVEJ5_2 |work=het Nieuwsblad |date=2008-08-05 |access-date=2010-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611190844/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=HD1UVEJ5_2 |archive-date=2011-06-11 }}

File:Cou-de-l-oie.jpg).]]

Goose pulling was practiced in Manzat in the Auvergne until at least the 1970s.{{Cite web|title=File:Cou de l'oie.jpg — Wikimedia Commons|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cou_de_l%27oie.jpg|access-date=2021-11-03|website=commons.wikimedia.org|language=fr}}{{Citation|last=Nolege|title=Cou-de-l-oie|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cou-de-l-oie.jpg|access-date=2021-11-03}} It is still practice in Saint-Bonnet-près-Riom (Auvergne){{Cite web|last=France|first=Centre|date=2011-09-20|title=Les têtes d'oies arrachées par les conscrits [diaporama photos]|url=https://www.lamontagne.fr/saint-bonnet-pres-riom-63200/actualites/les-tetes-d-oies-arrachees-par-les-conscrits-diaporama-photos_137314/|access-date=2021-11-03|website=www.lamontagne.fr}} and in pays basque.Gorini, P. (1994). Jeux et fêtes traditionnels de France et d'Europe. Gremese Editore. (See the French page: jeu de l'oie)

File:Gänsereiten 2010.jpg

In Wattenscheid-Höntrop it is believed that the custom was brought by Spanish soldiers who were stationed in 1598 and 1599 during the Eighty Years' War and later in the Thirty Years' War.[http://www.donews.de/oldstuff/Archiv/G/Gansereiter/gansereiter.html so Bochum's Stadtarchivar Eduard Schulte in his study from 6 February 1925, cited by donews.de – Karneval mit den Gänsereitern]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In May 2017, a petition signed by 100,000 citizens to stop using dead geese prompted the two goose-riding clubs from Höntrop and Sevinghausen to hold future events with a rubber dummy goose.[https://www.waz.de/staedte/wattenscheid/gaensereiter-verzichten-kuenftig-auf-echte-gans-id210503105.html Wattenscheid: Gänsereiter verzichten künftig auf echte Gans] 8 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

The Velbert village of Langenhorst still practices with dead geese. In some other places of Germany it was forbidden. Goose pulling was banned in Werl in 1961. In Dortmund and Essen dummy geese are used.{{Web archive|url=http://149.219.195.51/tv/service/tiere/inhalt/20050220/b_4.phtml |wayback=20071010011136 |title=WDR – Gänsereiten|date=20 February 2005}}

Gansabhauet ('goose cutting') is held every 11 November (Saint Martin's Day) in Sursee. A dead goose is suspended in the middle of the town square, whose neck the competitors, one after the other, try to cut with a saber.Pietro Gorini. Jeux et fêtes traditionnels de France et d'Europe. Gremese Editore (1994), p. 38.

The sport appears to have been relatively uncommon in Britain, as all references are to it as a curiosity practised somewhere else. The 1771 Philip Parsons locates it in "Northern parts of England" and assumes it is unknown in Newmarket in East Anglia. Parsons described how it was carried out in England:

{{quote|In the Northern parts of England it is no unusual diversion, to tie a rope across a street, and let it swing about the distance of ten yards from the ground. To the middle of this a living cock is tied by the legs. As he swings in the air, a set of young people ride one after another, full speed, under the rope, and rising in the stirrups, catch at the animal's head, which is close clipped and well soaped, in order to elude the grasp. Now he who is able to keep his seat in his saddle, and his hold of the bird's head, so as to carry it off in his hand, bears away the palm, and becomes the noble hero of the day.{{cite book|last=Parsons|first=Philip|title=Newmarket: or, An essay on the turf|publisher=R. Baldwin and J. Dodsley|year=1771|pages=174–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kBAAAAAYAAJ&q=%22essay+on+the+turf%22+1771&pg=PA174}}}}

In a satirical letter to Punch in 1845 it is regarded as a practice known only to the Spaniards, like bull-fighting.{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyEIAQAAIAAJ&q=goose+pulling+England&pg=PA121|title=Sports for Queens|work=Punch|date=1845|volume=9}}

The serious work Observations on the popular antiquities of Great Britain, of 1849, calls it "Goose-riding" and says it has been "practiced in Derbyshire within the memory of persons now living", and that the antiquary Francis Douce (1757–1834) had a friend who remembered it "when young" in Edinburgh in Scotland.{{cite book|title=Observations on the popular antiquities of Great Britain: chiefly illustrating the origin of our vulgar and provincial customs, ceremonies, and superstitions, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDcFAAAAYAAJ&q=goose+pulling+England&pg=PA419|author1=Brand, John|author2=Ellis, Sir Henry|author3=Halliwell-Phillipps, James Orchard|publisher=Bohn|location=London|year=1849}}

From these references it would appear to have died out in Britain by the end of the 18th century.

The Dutch settlers of North America brought it to their colony of New Netherland and from there it was transmitted to English-speaking Americans. Goose-pulling was taken up by those at the lower levels in American society, though it could attract the interest of all social strata. In the pre-Civil War South, slaves and whites competed alongside each other in goose-pulling contests watched by "all who walk in the fashionable circles."{{cite book|last=Parsons|first=Charles Grandison|title=Inside view of slavery: or A tour among the planters|url=https://archive.org/details/eace8843-8e2c-4fc1-bbd9-0decd8becda7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eace8843-8e2c-4fc1-bbd9-0decd8becda7/page/n132 136]–7|publisher=John P. Jewett and Co|year=1855}} Charles Grandison Parsons described the course of one such contest held in Milledgeville, Georgia, in the 1850s:

{{quote|At the appointed time, rude whisky tents, and festive seats, and shades, were prepared around the "pulling course;" and thousands of spectators – ladies as well as gentlemen, the elite as well as the vulgar – assembled to engage in or witness the favorite sport...

Tickets were issued by the proprietor of the gander, at fifty cents each, to all gentlemen present who wished for them, and they entered their names as "pullers". The pullers were to start about ten rods [about 50 m / 165 ft] from the gander, on horseback, riding at full speed, and as they passed along under the gander, they had the privilege of pulling off his head – which would entitle them to the additional privilege of eating him...

One entered the list – a "gentleman of property and standing" – and dashed over the course. The poor gander – seeming quite resigned to his fate, or not comprehending his danger, and not knowing how to "dodge" – had his neck seized by the first rider; but being well oiled, and his head so small, and his strength not yet exhausted, he slipped his head through the puller's hand without suffering much from the twist... After this he kept a sharp look out, and many pullers passed by without being able to grapple his neck. The game went on, and the pullers increased, till the jaded gander could elude their grasp no longer. An old Cracker – with a sandpaper glove on – pulled off his head at last, amid the shouts of a wondering host of intoxicated competitors.}}

The prizes of a goose-pulling contest were trivial – often the dead bird itself, other times contributions from the audience or rounds of drinks. The main draw of such contests for the spectators was the betting on the competitors, sometimes for money or more often for alcoholic drinks. One contemporary observer commented that "the whoopin', and hollerin', and screamin', and bettin', and excitement, beats all; there ain't hardly no sport equal to it."{{cite book|last=Bartlett|first=John Russell|title=Dictionary of Americanisms: A glossary of words and phrases usually regarded as peculiar to the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer00bartiala|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer00bartiala/page/166 166]–7|publisher=Little, Brown, and Company|year=1859}} Goose-pulling contests were often held on Shrove Tuesday and Easter Monday, with competitors "engaged in this sport not just for its excitement but also to prove they were "real men," physically strong, brave, competitive and willing to take risks."{{cite book|last=Pleck|first=Elizabeth Hafkin|title=Celebrating the family: ethnicity, consumer culture, and family rituals|url=https://archive.org/details/celebratingfamil0000plec|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/celebratingfamil0000plec/page/76 76]|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-00279-1}}

Unlike some other contemporary blood sports, goose pulling was often frowned upon. In New Amsterdam (modern New York) in 1656, Director General Pieter Stuyvesant issued ordinances against goose pulling, calling it "unprofitable, heathenish and pernicious." Many contemporary writers professed disgust at the sport; an anonymous reviewer in the Southern Literary Messenger, writing in 1836, described goose pulling as "a piece of unprincipled barbarity not infrequently practised in the South and West."Anonymous, review of Georgia Scenes. Southern Literary Messenger, p. 289, vol. II, no. 4. March 1836 William Gilmore Simms described it as "one of those sports which a cunning devil has contrived to gratify a human beast. It appeals to his skill, his agility, and strength; and is therefore in some degree grateful to his pride; but, as it exercises these qualities at the expense of his humanity, it is only a medium by which his better qualities are employed as agents for his worser nature."

The sport was challenging, as the oiling of the goose's neck made it difficult to retain a grip on it, and the bird's flailing made it difficult to target in the first place. Sometimes the organisers would add an extra element of difficulty; one writer describing an event in the American South witnessed "a [man], with a long whip in hand ... stationed on a stump, about two rods [10 m / 32 ft] from the gander, with orders to strike the horse of the puller as he passed by."p. 157. INSIDE VIEW OF SLAVERY: OR A TOUR AMONG THE PLANTERS, by C.G. PARSONS, 1855. The reaction of the startled horse would make it even more difficult for the puller to grab the goose as he went by. Many riders missed altogether; others broke the goose's neck without snapping off the head.{{cite book|last=Forret|first=Jeff|title=Race relations at the margins: slaves and poor whites in the antebellum Southern countryside|page=62|publisher=LSU Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8071-3145-9}} The American poet and novelist William Gilmore Simms wrote that

{{quote|It is only the experienced horseman, and the experienced sportsman, who can possibly succeed in the endeavor. Young beginners, who look on the achievement as rather easy, are constantly baffled; many find it impossible to keep the track; many lose the saddle, and even where they succeed in passing beneath the saplings without disaster, they either fail altogether in grasping the goose, which keeps a constant fluttering and screaming; or, they find it impossible to retain their grasp, at full speed, upon the greasy and eel-like neck and head which they have seized.{{cite book|title=As good as a comedy: or, The Tennesseean's story|url=https://archive.org/details/asgoodascomedyor00simmrich|last=Simms|first=William Gilmore|page=[https://archive.org/details/asgoodascomedyor00simmrich/page/115 115]|publisher=A. Hart|year=1852}}}}

Goose-pulling largely died out in the United States after the Civil War, though it was still occasionally practised in parts of the South as late as the 1870s; a local newspaper in Osceola, Arkansas, reported of an 1870s picnic that "after eats, gander-pulling was engaged in. Mr. W.P. Hale succeeded in pulling in twain the gander's breathing apparatus, after which dancing was resumed."{{cite book|last=Cochran|first=Robert|title=Our own sweet sounds: a celebration of popular music in Arkansas|page=17|year=2005|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=978-1-55728-793-9}}

A variant called "rooster pulling" has survived in New Mexico for some time. A rooster was buried in the sand up to its neck, and riders would try to pull it up as they rode past. This was later done with bottles buried in the sand. "Rooster racing in the Hispanic villages of northern New Mexico exists only in the history books and in the minds of a few men and women who ... still recall the popular sport of yesteryear".{{cite book|page=94|last=Garcia|first=Nasario|title=Grandma's Santo on Its Head: Stories of Days Gone By in Hispanic Villages of New Mexico|year=2013|location=Albuquerque|publisher=University of New Mexico Press}}

{{reflist|2}}

• George Washington, [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/24/us/in-new-mexico-an-ancient-rite-or-a-blood-sport.html "In New Mexico, An Ancient Rite or a Blood Sport?"] New York destiny , June 24, 1995.
• Marc Simmons, [http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/trail_dust/trail-dust-history-of-rooster-pulls-traces-to-spain/article_278919f9-823e-570a-b59f-1895619b36d9.html "Trail Dust: History of Rooster Pulls Traces to Spain,"] Santa Fe New Mexican, Nov. 15, 2013.
• "[https://archive.org/details/georgiascenesch00longgoog/page/n132 The Gander Pulling]", in Georgia scenes, characters, incidents, &c., in the first half century of the Republic (Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, 1859). Satirical account of a goose-pulling contest held in Georgia in 1798.

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heZVmRXSP9s Goose pulling in Nijverseel, Belgium, June 2007] (video)

Category:Animal festival or ritual

Category:Obsolete blood sports

Category:Geese

Category:Equestrian sports

Category:Animal cruelty incidents

Category:Folklore of the Benelux

Category:Dutch folklore

Category:Belgian folklore