graded exercise therapy

A graded exercise programme starts with a physiotherapist or exercise physiologist assessing the patient's current abilities and negotiating goals. The patient then begins exercising at a level within their capabilities. The patient and therapist increase the duration of sessions, typically by 10-20% every 1-2 weeks, until they can perform 30 minutes of light exercise five times a week. Then the intensity is raised if desired.{{Cite web |date=March 2015 |title=Graded exercise therapy: chronic fatigue syndrome |url=https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/handi/handi-interventions/exercise/graded-exercise-therapy-chronic-fatigue-syndrome |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111010141/https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/handi/handi-interventions/exercise/graded-exercise-therapy-chronic-fatigue-syndrome |archive-date=2022-11-11 |publisher=Royal Australian College of General Practitioners}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharpe M, Chalder T, White PD | title = Evidence-Based Care for People with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | journal = Journal of General Internal Medicine | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 449–452 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 34791590 | pmc = 8811058 | doi = 10.1007/s11606-021-07188-4 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Larun L, Brurberg KG, Odgaard-Jensen J, Price JR | title = Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | pages = CD003200 | date = December 2024 | pmid = 39697147 | pmc = 11656415 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub9 }}

The exercise can be any activity that can be titrated, such as walking, jogging, swimming, using exercise machines, and these may be mixed to add variety. Increasing the intensity can be more challenging than increasing duration, and a heart rate monitor may be employed to track intensity. If exercise exacerbates a patient's symptoms, they may be encouraged to pause the increases until symptoms become manageable again. In other cases, the patient is expected to continue fixed increases in activity regardless of the degree of post-exertional malaise they experience.

Patients are told that if exercise provokes symptoms, it is a typical response to becoming more active rather than a pathological process that causes permanent damage. Adverse effects may be increased if the practitioner is unfamiliar with CFS or exercise is not ramped up appropriately.

File:Cognitive-behavioral model of ME-CFS.jpg

GET is based on the discredited model that people with ME/CFS avoid exerting themselves due to fear of triggering symptoms such as pain and fatigue, which causes deconditioning and further worsening of symptoms. Excessive focus on symptoms and attributing illness to biological factors are also said perpetuate the illness.{{cite journal | vauthors = Geraghty K, Jason L, Sunnquist M, Tuller D, Blease C, Adeniji C | title = The 'cognitive behavioural model' of chronic fatigue syndrome: Critique of a flawed model | journal = Health Psychology Open | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 2055102919838907 | date = 2019 | pmid = 31041108 | pmc = 6482658 | doi = 10.1177/2055102919838907 }}

This model lacks evidence, contradicts patient experience, and fails to account for the biological evidence that ME/CFS is a serious medical condition.{{cite journal | vauthors = Shepherd CB | title = PACE trial claims for recovery in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome - true or false? It's time for an independent review of the methodology and results | journal = Journal of Health Psychology | volume = 22 | issue = 9 | pages = 1187–1191 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28805522 | doi = 10.1177/1359105317703786 | s2cid = 22307162 | doi-access = free }}{{Cite web |date=2022-12-29 |title=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/index.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us |quote="(ME/CFS) is a serious, long-term illness..."}} Further, mental health problems or deconditioning do not cause ME/CFS.{{Cite web |last=Department of Health & Human Services |title=Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en |quote=A person with ME/CFS should never be coaxed to push past their limit as this can be dangerous and cause long-term relapse.}}{{Cite web |title=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis ("Chronic Fatigue Syndrome") |url=https://health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/me-cfs/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=health.ny.gov |language=en-us}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghali A, Lacombe V, Ravaiau C, Delattre E, Ghali M, Urbanski G, Lavigne C | title = The relevance of pacing strategies in managing symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome | journal = Journal of Translational Medicine | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 375 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37291581 | pmc = 10248991 | doi = 10.1186/s12967-023-04229-w | quote = Nevertheless, a large number of studies demonstrated that deconditioning does not perpetuate or explain the symptoms in these patients. | doi-access = free }}

Graded exercise therapy is generally considered to be an ineffective, outdated standard of care that can worsen the condition. GET does not enable patients to increase their activity levels (as objectively measured by actigraphy){{cite journal | vauthors = Vink M, Vink-Niese A | title = The Updated NICE Guidance Exposed the Serious Flaws in CBT and Graded Exercise Therapy Trials for ME/CFS | journal = Healthcare | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | pages = 898 | date = May 2022 | pmid = 35628033 | pmc = 9141828 | doi = 10.3390/healthcare10050898 | doi-access = free }} or return to work.{{cite journal | vauthors = Vink M, Vink-Niese F | title = Graded exercise therapy does not restore the ability to work in ME/CFS - Rethinking of a Cochrane review | journal = Work | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 283–308 | date = 2020-01-01 | pmid = 32568149 | doi = 10.3233/WOR-203174 | s2cid = 219974354 | doi-access = free }}

Major public health bodies recommend against GET. The CDC stopped recommending GET in 2017,{{Cite news |date=2017-10-02 |title=For People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, More Exercise Isn't Better |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/02/554369327/for-people-with-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-more-exercise-isnt-better |access-date=2023-03-05 |work=NPR |vauthors=Doucleff M}} and says that people with ME/CFS do not tolerate vigorous exercise. NICE's 2021 guidance for ME/CFS removed graded exercise, which was recommended in the previous 2007 version,{{Cite book |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11824/36193/36193.pdf |title=Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy)—Diagnosis and management of CFS/ME in adults and children |publisher=National Institute for Clinical Excellence |year=2007 |pages=53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416041209/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11824/36193/36193.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-16}} and cautions against "any programme that...uses fixed incremental increases in physical activity or exercise, for example, graded exercise therapy."{{Cite web |title=Treatment of ME/CFS |url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/treatment/index.html |access-date=November 19, 2019 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}{{Cite web |title=Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy): diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg53 |website=www.nice.org.uk}} According to NICE, studies of GET have been of poor or very poor quality.

Two regional departments of health, in New York state and Victoria, Australia, say GET is ineffective and potentially dangerous. The Mayo Clinic consensus recommendations for the treatment of ME/CFS also oppose GET.

ME/CFS patient organizations strongly oppose GET because they disagree that mental health problems are a cause of their illness and because many patients anecdotally report harms due to GET.

As of 2015, the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners still supported graded exercise for CFS.

File:PACE trial subjective outcomes.svg

The available research into GET is of poor or very poor quality. These studies generally have limited tracking of adverse effects, employ outdated definitions of ME/CFS that do not require post-exertional malaise, and rely on subjective self-reported outcome measures within unblinded trials, making them prone to placebo effects.

The largest study on GET, the 2011 PACE trial, reported that GET and cognitive-behavioral therapy were safe and resulted in recovery for 22% of participants and improvement for 60%. There has since been considerable debate over the validity of the results. Outcome measures were modified mid-trial without a clear rationale.{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilshire CE, Kindlon T, Courtney R, Matthees A, Tuller D, Geraghty K, Levin B | title = Rethinking the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome-a reanalysis and evaluation of findings from a recent major trial of graded exercise and CBT | journal = BMC Psychology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 6 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29562932 | pmc = 5863477 | doi = 10.1186/s40359-018-0218-3 | doi-access = free }} When the data were reanalyzed utilising the original protocol, the rate of improvement was only 21%, and recovery was just 4%. While trial participants reported subjective improvement, there was no clinically significant improvement in fitness according to the 6-minute walk test, an objective outcome.

A 2022 review commissioned by the CDC concluded that weak evidence suggests that GET has "small to moderate" benefits, including reduced fatigue, decreased depression and anxiety, and better sleep. It said these results are of uncertain relevance to people with severe ME/CFS, a diagnosis according to modern criteria, or post-exertional malaise. According to the review, limited evidence suggests that GET is not harmful, but that reporting of harms was "suboptimal."{{Cite book |url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/pdfs/systematic-review/file1-final-report-MECFS-Systematic-Review-508.pdf |title=Management of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): An Updated Systematic Evidence Review |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |year=2022 |pages=ii-iii; 23}}

A 2019 Cochrane review of 8 studies concluded that GET "probably" reduces fatigue but that evidence on long-term effectiveness and potential harms are very limited. The studies analyzed employed older definitions of CFS, so the effects on current patient cohorts may be different. An independent analysis of the same studies reached the opposite conclusion based on the unreliability of subjective outcomes in unblinded trials, lack of objective improvements in physical fitness and employment, and insufficient tracking of adverse events.

The ME Association asserts that GET causes a significant fraction of patients to get worse: 30% to 50% in self-reported patient questionnaires.{{Cite web |title=ME Association position on graded exercise therapy (GET) | date = 11 May 2008 | work = The ME Association |url=https://meassociation.org.uk/2008/05/mea-position-on-graded-exercise-therapy-get/ |language=en-GB}} According to the Mayo Clinic Proceedings recommendations, 54% to 74% reported harm.

Graded exercise therapy has also been trialled in long COVID; a retrospective study showed adherence predicted outcomes, implying some utility of GET in this patient group.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghali A, Lacombe V, Ravaiau C, Delattre E, Ghali M, Urbanski G, Lavigne C | title = The relevance of pacing strategies in managing symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome | journal = Journal of Translational Medicine | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 375 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37291581 | pmc = 10248991 | doi = 10.1186/s12967-023-04229-w | doi-access = free }}

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Category:Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Category:Physical therapy