Login
Login

head injury criterion

{{Short description|Mathematical modeling}}

The head injury criterion (HIC) is a measure of the likelihood of head injury arising from an impact. The HIC can be used to assess safety related to vehicles, personal protective gear, and sport equipment.

Normally the variable is derived from the measurements of an accelerometer mounted at the center of mass of a crash test dummy’s head, when the dummy is exposed to crash forces.

It is defined as:

\mathit{H}\mathit{I}\mathit{C} = \max_{t_1,t_2} \bigg\{ (t_{2}-t_{1})\cdot \bigg[\frac{1}{t_{2}-t_{1}}

\int_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}} a(t) dt \bigg]^{2.5} \bigg\} {{Cite report |url=http://www.mchenrysoftware.com/HIC%20and%20the%20ATB.pdf |title=Head Injury Criteria and the ATB |last=McHenry |first=Brian G.}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.health.uottawa.ca/biomech/courses/apa6903/CrashTests%20and%20the%20HIC.pdf |title=Crash Tests and the Head Injury Criterion |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211423/http://www.health.uottawa.ca/biomech/courses/apa6903/CrashTests%20and%20the%20HIC.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 |url-status=dead }}

where t1 and t2 are the initial and final times (in seconds) chosen to maximize HIC, and acceleration a is measured in gs (standard gravity acceleration). The time duration, t2 – t1, is limited to a maximum value of 36 ms, usually 15 ms.{{Cite report |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA458677 |title=A Test Methodology for Assessing Demining Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409222827/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA458677 |archive-date=2013-04-09}}

This means that the HIC includes the effects of head acceleration and the duration of the acceleration. Large accelerations may be tolerated for very short times.

At a HIC of 1000, there is an 18% probability of a severe head injury, a 55% probability of a serious injury and a 90% probability of a moderate head injury to the average adult.{{Cite journal |last=MacKay |first=Murray |date=August 2007 |title=The increasing importance of the biomechanics of impact trauma |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/sadh/032/04/0397-0408 |journal=Sādhanā |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=397–408 |doi=10.1007/s12046-007-0031-9 |s2cid=111347672 |doi-access=free }}

Automobile safety

HIC is used to determine the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) star rating for automobile safety and to determine ratings given by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.{{Cite web |url=http://www.iihs.org/ratings/protocols/pdf/measures_frontal.pdf |title=Guidelines for Rating Injury Measures, 2009, IIHS |access-date=2010-02-28 |archive-date=2011-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101135952/http://www.iihs.org/ratings/protocols/pdf/measures_frontal.pdf |url-status=dead |date=June 2009}}

According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, head injury risk is evaluated mainly on the basis of head injury criterion. A value of 700 is the maximum allowed under the provisions of the U.S. advanced airbag regulation (NHTSA, 2000) and is the maximum score for an "acceptable" IIHS rating for a particular vehicle.

A HIC-15 (meaning a measure of impact over 15 milliseconds) of 700 is estimated to represent a 5 percent risk of a severe injury (Mertz et al., 1997). A "severe" injury is one with a score of 4+ on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) {{cite report|url=https://www.iihs.org/media/dcc9d5d6-c301-4f92-a7b5-dad13ffc7766/6h8G8A/Ratings/Protocols/current/measures_frontal.pdf |title=Moderate Overlap Frontal Crashworthiness Evaluation Guidelines for Rating Injury Measures |publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safet |date=September 2014}}y

Data for specific vehicles can be found on various automotive review websites. Some sample data is as follows, for comparative purposes:

  • The 1998 Ford Windstar, marketed as one of the safest minivans of that year, tested out to a HIC=305 score for driver {{cite web |url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/ford/windstar-minivan/1998) |title= 1998 Ford Windstar|website=www.iihs.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810012105/http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/ford/windstar-minivan/1998 |archive-date=2018-08-10}}
  • A small car, a 1998 Dodge Neon, tested at HIC=265.{{cite web | url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/dodge/neon-4-door-sedan/1998 | title=1998 Dodge Neon 4-door sedan | access-date=2023-08-01 | archive-date=2018-07-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234635/http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/dodge/neon-4-door-sedan/1998 | url-status=dead }}
  • A common family sedan, a 1998 Toyota Camry, tested at HIC=288.{{cite web | url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/toyota/camry-4-door-sedan/1998 | title=1998 Toyota Camry 4-door sedan | access-date=2023-08-01 | archive-date=2018-08-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812184639/http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/toyota/camry-4-door-sedan/1998 | url-status=dead }}
  • A 2007 Camry at HIC=175.{{cite web | url=http://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/toyota/camry-4-door-sedan/2007 | title=2007 Toyota Camry 4-door sedan | access-date=2023-08-01 | archive-date=2019-01-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124070707/https://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/vehicle/v/toyota/camry-4-door-sedan/2007 | url-status=dead }}

{{Cite web |url=http://www.automotive.com/2007/12/toyota/camry/crash-tests/index.html |title=2007 Toyota Camry Crash Test Results |access-date=2010-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109165504/http://www.automotive.com/2007/12/toyota/camry/crash-tests/index.html |archive-date=2011-01-09 |url-status=dead }}

A comprehensive searchable database of vehicles and their HIC scores is available at [http://www.safercar.gov/portal/site/safercar/ safercar.gov].

Athletics and recreation

Sport physiologists and biomechanics experts use the HIC in the research of safety equipment and guidelines for competitive sport and recreation.{{citation | url=https://doi.org/10.1520/F1292-22 | doi=10.1520/F1292-22 | title=Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment }} In one study, concussions were found to occur at HIC=250 in most athletes.{{cite book | chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-3796-1_12 | doi=10.1007/1-4020-3796-1_12 | chapter=Head Impact Biomechanics in Sport | title=IUTAM Symposium on Impact Biomechanics: From Fundamental Insights to Applications | series=Solid Mechanics and Its Applications | year=2005 | last1=Viano | first1=David C. | volume=124 | pages=121–130 | isbn=1-4020-3795-3 }} Studies have been conducted in skiing and other sports to test adequacy of helmets {{cite journal | last1=Richards | first1=D | last2=Scher | first2=I | last3=Carhart | first3=M | title=Head Injury in Snowboarding: Evaluating the Protective Role of Helmets | journal=Journal of ASTM International | publisher=ASTM International | volume=3 | issue=4 | date=2006-01-01 | pages=1–9 | issn=1546-962X | doi=10.1520/JAI14203 | url=https://www.astm.org/jai14203.html | access-date=2024-08-11 | url-access=subscription }}

See also

{{col div|colwidth=30em}}

{{colend}}

References

{{reflist}}

External links

  • [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/accidents-hazardous-conditions/crash-test5.htm Use of Head Injury Criterion in Crash Test Ratings]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110304091414/http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public/PubFullText/RTO/MP/RTO-MP-020/$MP-020-$K2.PDF Injury Measurements and Criteria]
  • [https://oflex.com/impact-management/ Saving Lives with Impact Protection Product]

Category:Automotive safety

Category:Neurotrauma

Category:Mathematical modeling