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heptarchy

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}

{{short description|Seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England}}

{{hatnote|See History of Anglo-Saxon England for an historical discussion.}}

Image:Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy.jpg and Sussex taken into the Kingdom of Wessex, which later took in the Kingdom of Kent and became the senior dynasty, and the outlier kingdoms. From Bartholomew's A literary & historical atlas of Europe (1914)]]

The Heptarchy was the division of Anglo-Saxon England between the sixth and eighth centuries into petty kingdoms, conventionally the seven kingdoms of East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex. The term originated with the twelfth-century historian Henry of Huntingdon and has been widely used ever since, but it has been questioned by historians as the number of kingdoms fluctuated, and there was never a time when the territory of the Anglo-Saxons was divided into seven kingdoms each ruled by one king. The period of petty kingdoms came to an end in the eighth century, when England was divided into the four dominant kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, and Wessex.{{cite book|last=Kirby |first=D. H. |pages=4–7, 19|authorlink= |title=The Earliest English Kings |publisher= Routledge|location =London, UK |year=2000|edition=Revised|isbn=978-0-415-24211-0}}{{cite encyclopedia|last= Keynes |first=Simon |title=Heptarchy |page=238|year=2014|editor1-first= Michael|editor1-last= Lapidge|editor2-first= John|editor2-last= Blair|editor3-first= Simon|editor3-last= Keynes |editor4-first= Donald|editor4-last= Scragg |encyclopedia=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England|edition=2nd| publisher= Wiley Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex |isbn=978-0-470-65632-7}}

History

File:British kingdoms c 800.svg

Although heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly during this period as competing kings contended for supremacy.Norman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages1993:163f.

In the late 6th century, the king of Kent was a prominent lord in the south. In the 7th century, the rulers of Northumbria and Wessex were powerful. In the 8th century, Mercia achieved hegemony over the other surviving kingdoms, particularly during the reign of Offa the Great.

Alongside the seven kingdoms, a number of other political divisions also existed, such as the kingdoms (or sub-kingdoms) of: Bernicia and Deira within Northumbria; Lindsey in present-day Lincolnshire; the Hwicce in the southwest Midlands; the Magonsæte or Magonset, a sub-kingdom of Mercia in what is now Herefordshire; the Wihtwara, a Jutish kingdom on the Isle of Wight, originally as important as the Cantwara of Kent; the Middle Angles, a group of tribes based around modern Leicestershire, later conquered by the Mercians; the Hæstingas (around the town of Hastings in Sussex); and the Gewisse.

List of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

{{see|Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies}}

The four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were:

The other main kingdoms, which were conquered and absorbed by others entirely at some point in their history, before the unification of England, are:

Other minor kingdoms and territories:

See also

{{Portal|Anglo-Saxon England}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

  • Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte
  • Campbell, J. et al. The Anglo-Saxons (Penguin, 1991).
  • Sawyer, Peter Hayes. From Roman Britain to Norman England (Routledge, 2002).
  • Stenton, F. M. Anglo-Saxon England (3rd edition. Oxford U. P. 1971).

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20170915081950/http://britannia.com/history/h6f.html Monarchs of Britain], Encyclopædia Britannica
  • [http://www.ogdoad.force9.co.uk/alfred/alfhidage.htm ogdoad.force9.co.uk]: The Burghal Hidage – Wessex's fortified burhs

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Category:States and territories established in the 5th century

Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century

Category:Historiography of England

Category:Former subdivisions of England

Category:Barbarian kingdoms

Category:7 (number)