hexazinone
{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 362153605
| ImageFile = Hexazinone.png
| ImageSize =
| PIN = 3-Cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione
| OtherNames = Velpar
Hexazinone
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| Abbreviations =
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CASNo = 51235-04-2
| ChEBI = 5705
| ChEMBL = 2252598
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 36542
| EC_number = 257-074-4
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C10926
| PubChem = 39965
| SMILES2 = O=C1/N=C(\N(C(=O)N1C2CCCCC2)C)N(C)C
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = Y51727MR1Y
| SMILES = O=C(N1C2CCCCC2)N=C(N(C)C)N(C)C1=O
| InChI = 1/C12H20N4O2/c1-14(2)10-13-11(17)16(12(18)15(10)3)9-7-5-4-6-8-9/h9H,4-8H2,1-3H3
| InChIKey = CAWXEEYDBZRFPE-UHFFFAOYAU
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C12H20N4O2/c1-14(2)10-13-11(17)16(12(18)15(10)3)9-7-5-4-6-8-9/h9H,4-8H2,1-3H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = CAWXEEYDBZRFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C12H20N4O2
| MolarMass = 252.31
| Appearance = White crystalline solid
| Density = 1.25 g/cm3
| MeltingPtC = 116
| MeltingPt_notes =
| BoilingPt =
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| Solubility = Soluble
| SolubleOther =
| Solvent =
| pKa =
| pKb =
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| NFPA-H =
| NFPA-F =
| NFPA-R =
| NFPA-S =
| FlashPt =
| AutoignitionPt =
| ExploLimits =
| PEL =
| GHS_ref=[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/39965#section=Safety-and-Hazards]
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}{{GHS09}}
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|319|332|410}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|264|264+265|270|271|273|280|301+317|304+340|305+351+338|317|330|337+317|391|501}}
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Hexazinone is an organic compound that is used as a broad spectrum herbicide. It is a colorless solid. It exhibits some solubility in water but is highly soluble in most organic solvents except alkanes. A member of the triazine class herbicides, it is manufactured by DuPont and sold under the trade name Velpar.Arnold P. Appleby, Franz Müller, Serge Carpy "Weed Control" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a28_165}}
It functions by inhibiting photosynthesis and thus is a nonselective herbicide. It is used to control grasses, broadleaf, and woody plants. In the United States approximately 33% is used on alfalfa, 31% in forestry, 29% in industrial areas, 4% on rangeland and pastures, and < 2% on sugarcane.[http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/herb-growthreg/fatty-alcohol-monuron/hexazinone/herb-prof-hexazinone.html Hexazinone], Herbicide Profile, Pesticide Management Education Program, Cornell University
Hexazinone is a pervasive groundwater contaminant. Use of hexazinone causes groundwater to be at high risk of contamination due to the high leaching potential it exhibits.{{Cite journal |last1=da Silva |first1=Cydianne Cavalcante |last2=Souza |first2=Matheus de Freitas |last3=Passos |first3=Ana Beatriz Rocha de Jesus |last4=Silva |first4=Tatiane Severo |last5=Borges |first5=Maiara Pinheiro da Silva |last6=dos Santos |first6=Matheus Silva |last7=Silva |first7=Daniel Valadão |date=March 2022 |title=Risk of environmental contamination due to the hexazinone application in agricultural soils in northeastern Brazil |journal=Geoderma Regional |language=en |volume=28 |pages=e00481 |doi=10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00481|bibcode=2022GeodR..2800481D |s2cid=246338359 |doi-access= }}
History
Hexazinone is widely used as a herbicide. It is a non-selective herbicide from the triazine family. It is used among a broad range of places. It is used to control weeds within all sort of applications. From sugarcane plantations, forestry field nurseries, pineapple plantations to high- and railway grasses and industrial plant sites.{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Huili|last2=Xu|first2=Shuxia|last3=Tan|first3=Chengxia|last4=Wang|first4=Xuedong|date=2009-05-30|title=Anaerobic biodegradation of hexazinone in four sediments|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|volume=164|issue=2–3|pages=806–811|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.073|pmid=18824297|bibcode=2009JHzM..164..806W }}
Hexazinone was first registered in 1975 for the overall control of weeds and later for uses in crops.{{Cite web|url=https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/0266fact.pdf|title=Hexazinone: Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Fact Sheet}}
Structure and reactivity
Triazines like hexazinone can bind to the D-1 quinone protein of the electron transport chain in photosystem II to inhibit the photosynthesis. These diverted electrons can thereby damage membranes and destroy cells.{{Cite web|url=http://agron-www.agron.iastate.edu/Courses/Agron317/Photosynthesis_Inhibitors.htm|title=Agronomy 317 - Iowa State University|website=agron-www.agron.iastate.edu|access-date=2017-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123180144/http://agron-www.agron.iastate.edu/Courses/Agron317/Photosynthesis_Inhibitors.htm|archive-date=2016-11-23|url-status=dead}}
Synthesis
Hexazinone can be synthesized in two different reaction processes. One process starts with a reaction of methyl chloroformate with cyanamide, forming hexazinone after a five-step pathway:{{Cite book|title=Ullmann's agrochemicals.|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=9783527316045|oclc=470787466}}
A second synthesis starts with methylthiourea.:
Degradation
The degradation of hexazinone has long been studied.{{Cite journal|last1=Helling|first1=C. S.|last2=Kearney|first2=P. C.|last3=Alexander|first3=M.|year=1971|title=Behavior of pesticides in soil|journal=Adv. Agron.|volume=23|pages=147–240|doi=10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60153-4|series=Advances in Agronomy|isbn=9780120007233}} It degrades approximately 10% in five weeks, when exposed to artificial sunlight in distilled water. However, degradation in natural waters can be three to seven times greater. Surprisingly, the pH and the temperature of the water do not affect the photodegradation significantly.{{Cite journal|last=Rhodes|first=R. C.|year=1980b|title=Studies with 14C-labeled hexazinone in water and bluegill sunfish|journal=J. Agric. Food Chem.|volume=28|issue=2|pages=306–310|doi=10.1021/jf60228a002|pmid=7391368}} It is mainly degraded by aerobic microorganisms in soils.{{Cite journal|last=Rhodes|first=R. C.|year=1980a|title=Soil Studies with 14C-labeled hexazinone|journal=J. Agric. Food Chem.|volume=28|issue=2|pages=311–315|doi=10.1021/jf60228a012}}
Mechanism of action
Hexazinone is a broad-spectrum residual and contact herbicide, rapidly absorbed by the leaves and roots. It is tolerated by many conifers, and therefore it is a very effective herbicide for the control for annual and perennial broadleaf weeds, some grasses, and some woody species. Hexazinone works as rain or snowmelt makes it possible for the herbicide to move downward into the soil. There the hexazinone is absorbed from the soil by the roots.{{Cite book|title=Environmental fates and impacts of major forest use pesticides|last=Ghassemi|first=M.|display-authors=etal|year=1981|location=Washington D.C.|pages=169–194}} It moves through the conductive tissues to the leaves, where it blocks the photosynthesis of the plant within the chloroplasts. Hexazinone binds to a protein of the photosystem II complex, which blocks the electron transport. The result are multiple following reactions. First triplet-state chlorophyll reacts with oxygen to form singlet oxygen. Both chlorophyll and singlet oxygen then remove hydrogen ions from the unsaturated lipids present in de cells and the organelle membranes, forming lipid radicals. These radicals will oxidize other lipids and proteins, eventually resulting in loss of the membrane integrity of the cells and organelles. This will result in a loss of chlorophyll, leakage of cellular contents, cell death, and eventually death of the plant.{{Cite web|url=http://wssa.net/|title=Weed Science Society of America|website=wssa.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-15}} Woody plants first show yellowing of the leaves before they start to defoliate, eventually they will die.{{Cite journal|last1=Sidhu|first1=S. S.|last2=Feng.|first2=J. C.|year=1993|title=Hexazinone and its metabolites in boreal forest vegetation.|journal=Weed Sci.|volume=41|issue=2|pages=281–287|doi=10.1017/S0043174500076177|s2cid=83421922 }} Sometimes plants are able to refoliate and defoliate again during the growing season.
References
External links
- [http://www2.dupont.com/Crop_Protection/en_CA/products-services/herbicides/velpar.html DuPont webpage on Velpar]
- {{PPDB|384}}
{{Herbicides}}