hidden headlamp
{{Short description|Headlamps that are hidden while not in use}}
Image:Mazda323FBG KlappscheinwerferAni.gifF's headlights retracted and visible.]]
Hidden headlamps, also commonly known as pop-up headlamps, pop-up headlights, flip-eye headlamps, or hideaway headlights, are a form of automotive lighting and an automotive styling feature that conceals an automobile's headlamps when they are not in use.
Depending on the design, the headlamps may be mounted in a housing that rotates so as to sit flush with the front end as on the Lamborghini Miura or Porsche 928, may retract into the hood and/or fenders as on the 1963–2004 Chevrolet Corvette, or may be concealed behind retractable or rotating grille panels as on the 1966-1970 Dodge Charger, 1970-1971 Mercury Cyclone, or the 1965 Buick Riviera.
History
File:1979 Lincoln Continental Mark V Collector's Series (7503042882) (cropped).jpg Collector’s Edition, with its large headlight covers in their lowered position.]]
Hidden headlamps first appeared on the Cord 810 in November 1935 at the New York Auto Show{{cite web |title=1936 Cord 810 Westchester |url=https://heritagemuseumsandgardens.org/hmg/1936-cord-810-westchester/ |website=Heritage Museums and Gardens}} and shortly after on a custom example of the Alfa Romeo 8C in 1936.{{cite web |title=Alfa Roméo Type 8C 2, 31 |url=https://www.citedelautomobile.com/en/collections/alfa-romeo-type-8c-2-31 |website=CITÉ DE L'AUTOMOBILE |access-date=2021-10-01 |archive-date=2021-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001023717/https://www.citedelautomobile.com/en/collections/alfa-romeo-type-8c-2-31 |url-status=dead }} In the Cord, a pair of cranks on either side of the dashboard could be turned by hand to bring out the headlamps when needed.{{cite patent |country=US|number=2084120A |status=Patent |title=Headlight structure |gdate=1937-06-15 |inventor=Harold T Ames}} Powered hidden headlamps first appeared on GM's concept car in 1938, the Buick Y-Job,{{cite web |last1=Mroz |first1=Albert |title=Why the 'Y-Job' -- Harley Earl and the Buick Dream Car |url=https://www.prewarbuick.com/features/why_the_y_job |website=Pre War Buick}} and appeared on concept cars for several years after, including the 1951 General Motors Le Sabre.{{cite web |title=Pop-Up Headlights – Seventy Years of Hidden History |url=https://heacockclassic.com/articles/pop-up-headlights-seventy-years-of-hidden-history/ |website=Heacock Classic|date=29 January 2019 }} However, power hidden headlamps would not appear on a production vehicle until 1962 with the Lotus Elan.{{cite book |title=Lotus Elan Owners Workshop Manual 1962-1974 |date=23 February 2005 |publisher=Brooklands Books Ltd |isbn=9781855200227 |pages=107}}
The popularity of this feature has waxed and waned over time. Hidden headlamps regained popularity in the mid-to-late 1960s, first in Europe but particularly in the US where aerodynamic headlamps were not permitted. A relatively large variety of cars incorporated hidden headlamps in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and up to the early 2000s. Subsequent legislation led to hidden headlamps falling increasingly out of favor.
In the past, manufacturers often used hidden headlamps to circumvent headlight height regulations in the United States. For instance, in 1983, Toyota exported their retractable headlight version of the AE86 (known domestically as the Sprinter Trueno) instead of the Corolla Levin, as the former had a higher headlamp height, enough to satisfy US regulations.{{cite web |title=Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49 - Transportation |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2004-title49-vol5/xml/CFR-2004-title49-vol5-sec571-108.xml |website=Gov Info |location=Table II |date=2004-10-01}} This prevented them from needing to raise the body height of the car, which would have affected handling.
= Discontinuation =
US laws now permit aerodynamic headlamps, relative to which hidden headlamps represent added cost, weight, and complexity as well as reliability concerns as cars age. Internationalized ECE auto safety regulations have also recently incorporated pedestrian-protection provisions restricting protuberances from car bodies, making it more difficult and expensive to design compliant pop-up headlamps.
The last time pop-up headlamps appeared on a volume-production car was in 2004, when both the Lotus Esprit and Chevrolet Corvette (C5) ended production.{{cite web |title=Esprit Production Figures |url=http://www.lotusespritworld.com/EHistory/Production_Figures.html |website=Lotus Esprit World}}{{cite web |title=2004 C5 Corvette Production |url=http://www.c5registry.com/membersonly/Production/2004/index.htm |website=C5 Registry}} Development of both projector beam headlamps such as those on the 1990 Nissan 300ZX (Z32), and more efficient, bright LED headlamps has in practice, eliminated the need for hidden headlamps altogether.
After 2004, hidden headlamps made an almost complete disappearance from production cars. Despite this, however, hidden headlamps are not outright banned, and as such, they can be still be installed on street-legal vehicles today such as the Ares Design Project1.{{cite web |last1=Perez |first1=Jeff |title=Ares Panther Is A Proper 641-HP Tribute To The Pantera |url=https://www.motor1.com/news/313525/ares-panther-de-tomaso-tribute/ |website=Motor1}} One of the few modern production cars to use hidden headlamps is the Ferrari Daytona SP3, which features retractable eyelids that cover part of the headlight. Additionally, some modern concept cars, such as the Mazda Iconic SP, have also been shown with hidden headlamps.
Gallery
File:Cord 812 1937.jpg|1937 Cord 812
File:BuickY-Job(1938)1.JPG|1938 Buick Y-Job
File:42 DeSoto Custom Club Coupe (9341583814).jpg|1942 DeSoto
File:1967 Green Ford Thunderbird Fordor.jpg|1967 Ford Thunderbird
File:1968 Chevy Caprice Coupe.jpg|1968 Chevrolet Caprice coupe
File:Dodge Charger RT 1968.Front.jpg|1968 Dodge Charger RT
File:Skoda1100gt.jpg|1970 Škoda 1100 GT
File:Opel GT 2012-09-01 14-23-06.JPG|1972 Opel GT
File:Sonett-popups.jpg|1973 SAAB Sonett III
File:BMWM-M1.jpg|1978 BMW M1
File:1986 Toyota MR2 1.6 Twin Cam 16V.jpg|1986 Toyota MR2
File:Ferrari F40 in IMS parking lot.jpg|1987 Ferrari F40
File:Mazda 323 F BG GT 1989.jpg|1989 Mazda 323F
File:1990 Plymouth Laser RS Turbo headlights.jpg|1990 Plymouth Laser
File:Tatra MTX front.JPG|1991 Tatra MTX V8
File:K456ACF 1992 Volvo 480 Turbo SR.jpg|1992 Volvo 480
File:1995 Lotus Esprit S4s exfordy.jpg|1995 Lotus Esprit
File:Chevrolet Corvette C5 5.7 '04 (14275476700).jpg|2004 Chevrolet Corvette
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline|Hidden headlamps}}
{{CarDesign nav}}
{{Artificial light sources}}