high diving
{{Short description|Water sport involving diving from relatively great heights}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
File:Olympic parc Munich High Diving SV Stadtwerke 0646.JPG
High diving is the act of diving into water from relatively great heights. High diving can be performed as an adventure sport (as with cliff diving), as a performance stunt (as with many records attempts), or competitively during sporting events.
It debuted at a FINA event at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, after the sport was added to the federation's list of disciplines.{{cite journal|last1=Napolitano|first1=Salvatore|last2=Di Tore|first2=Pio Alfredo|last3=Raiola|first3=Gaetano|title=High Diving: Evaluation of Water Impact and Considerations on Training Methods|journal=Journal of Human Sport and Exercise|year=2013|volume=8|issue=2|pages=283–289|doi=10.4100/jhse.2012.8.Proc2.30|url=http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/29724/1/jhse_Vol_8_N_proc2_283-289.pdf|doi-access=free|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706052342/https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/29724/1/jhse_Vol_8_N_proc2_283-289.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last1=Adrega |first1=Pedro |last2=Chiarello |first2=Sarah |date=29 July 2013 |title=High Diving, Day 1: Pure adrenalin in the port of Barcelona! |publisher=FINA |url=http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4015:high-diving-day-1-pure-adrenalin-in-the-port-of-barcelona&catid=385:bcn2013-high-diving&Itemid=1513 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804111129/http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4015%3Ahigh-diving-day-1-pure-adrenalin-in-the-port-of-barcelona&catid=385%3Abcn2013-high-diving&Itemid=1513 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2013 |access-date=31 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }} In the world championships, men jump from a {{convert|27|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} platform while women jump from a {{convert|20|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} platform. In other official competitions, men generally dive from a height of {{convert|22|–|27|m|ft}} while women dive from a height of {{convert|18|–|23|m|ft}}.{{cite web|title=General Rules and Regulations for International Competitions|url=http://whdf.com/Information/General%20Regulation.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202062356/http://whdf.com/Information/General%20Regulation.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2016|website=World High Diving Federation|access-date=11 September 2015}} The sport is unique in that athletes are often unable to practice in an authentic environment until the days leading up to a competition. High divers have achieved speeds of descent of {{convert|96|km/h}}.
History
Initially, diving as a sport began by jumping from "great heights". Then it was exclusively practiced by gymnasts as they found it exciting with a low probability of injury. It then evolved into "diving in the air" with water as the safety landing base. Efforts by Thomas Ralph to name the sport "springing" were not realized, as the term "diving" was by then firmly rooted. It soon became a sporting event pursued by many enthusiasts. In the early years of the sport, finding suitable places to jump was an issue, and people started jumping from any high place – in Europe and the United States they started jumping from bridges, then diving head first into the water. This evolved into "fancy diving" in Europe, and, particularly in Germany and Sweden, as a gymnastic act. The sport further improved with gymnastic acts being performed during the diving process, and was then given the names "springboard diving" and "high fancy diving", which were events in the Olympics of 1908 and 1912. The first diving event as a sport, however, was in 1889 in Scotland with a diving height of {{convert|6|ft|m}}.{{cite book|first=H.C.|last=Dubey|title=Dph Sports Series-Diving|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSwO8WCfdd4C&pg=PA2|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-478-9|page=2}} Today, in Latin America, diving by professionals from heights of {{convert|100|ft|m}} or more is a common occurrence.{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Crego|title=Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg|url-access=registration|date=January 2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31610-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg/page/136 136]–}}
Cliff diving has been documented as far back as 1770 when Kahekili II, king of Maui, engaged in a practice called "lele kawa", which in English means jumping feet first into water from great heights without making a splash.{{cite web|title=History: The real roots of cliff diving are found at Kaunolu, on the Hawaiian island of Lana´i.|url=http://whdf.com/Information/History.pdf|website=World High Diving Federation|access-date=11 September 2015}}{{dead link|date=February 2017}} The king's warriors were forced to participate to prove that they were courageous and loyal to the king. The practice later developed into a competition under king Kamehameha I, and divers were judged on their style and amount of splash upon entering the water.
The first female world champion in this sport was Cesilie Carlton of the United States, who won the first gold medal at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships with a total score of 211.60.{{cite web |title=High Diving, Day 2: History was made: Cesilie Carlton (USA) is the first World champion! |publisher=FINA |url=http://www.fina.org/news/high-diving-day-2-history-was-made-cesilie-carlton-usa-first-world-champion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823032516/http://www.fina.org/news/high-diving-day-2-history-was-made-cesilie-carlton-usa-first-world-champion |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2016 |date=30 July 2013|access-date=9 September 2015}}{{cite news |last=Rogers |first=Iain |date=30 July 2013 |title=American Carlton takes inaugural high diving gold |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-swimming-world-highdiving-idUSBRE96T10Y20130730 |access-date=31 July 2013}} The first male world champion was Orlando Duque of Colombia who received a score of 590.20.{{cite news|last1=Wilson|first1=Joseph|title=Orlando Duque wins 1st high diving world title|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/orlando-duque-wins-1st-high-diving-world-title-0|access-date=11 September 2015|work=The Big Story|agency=Associated Press|date=31 July 2013|archive-date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816073215/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/orlando-duque-wins-1st-high-diving-world-title-0|url-status=dead}}
Overview
= Pool diving =
Until 2018, the only permanent regulation-size high diving platform in the world is located in Austria, but it is not used during the winter period. In 2018, Zhaoqing Yingxiong High Diving Training Center,{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/24/c_138086771.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526042916/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/24/c_138086771.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2019|title=Zhaoqing ready for the FINA High Diving World Cup 2019 - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2019-05-26}} which contains the first year-round regulation-size high diving platform, opened at the Zhaoqing Sports Center in Zhaoqing, China.{{Cite web|url=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/video-worlds-first-permanent-high-diving-stadium-opens-in-china/|title=VIDEO: Zhao Qing High Diving Stadium Opens In China|date=2018-12-08|website=Swimming World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-26}} The training practice is generally done on {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} platforms. The "competition dives" are collectively put in place in pieces, similar to the way a dress is made. Dives such as five somersault dives can thrill, but some competitors prefer to perform simpler dives.
= Outdoor diving =
Some outdoor diving involves launching from significant heights. One such diver noted, "There is adrenaline, excitement, danger – so many different energies go through your mind when you jump off. That goes away and then you hit the water come up and it's a massive elation, you feel such self achievement." A rescue team of scuba divers may be involved in some instances, and are required for any official competitions.
== Cliff diving ==
Cliff divers practice the different components of their dives in isolation and only execute the complete dive during championship competitions. Cliff dives are considered extremely difficult and dangerous,{{cite web|last1=Harris|first1=Rob|title=The Dangers of Jumping into Water From Heights|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/450256-the-dangers-of-jumping-into-water-from-heights/|website=Livestrong|access-date=10 September 2015}} a challenge to every competitor; in addition to the physical challenges, they can be mentally challenging to perform.
Events
Both men and women participate in the High Diving World Championships, but the diving height for women is limited to {{convert|20|m|ft}}. The Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series is held annually and draws crowds of up to 70,000 people. Participants dive from a variety of locations including castles, cliffs, towers, bridges, and the Copenhagen Opera House.{{cite news|last1=Hope|first1=Nick|title=US great Greg Louganis wants high diving at Olympic Games|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/diving/23526057|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=9 September 2015|date=August 2013}} Efforts were made by divers to make this sport an Olympic event for the 2024 Summer Olympics held in Paris, France,{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/06/sports/diving-a-crowd-pleasing-sport-pursues-an-olympic-platform.html|title=High Diving, a Crowd-Pleasing Sport, Pursues an Olympic Platform|date=5 August 2015|work=The New York Times}} however the highest platform was the usual {{convert|10|m|ft}}.{{cite news|url=https://www.paris2024.org/en/sport/diving/|title=Diving, Paris 2024| publisher=2024 Summer Olympics|access-date=20 November 2022}}
World record high dives
There is considerable debate surrounding record claims for the highest dive, which largely revolves around criteria for what constitutes a valid dive.{{cite web |author=lolajones |date=7 April 2009 |title=Seriously extreme diving – the High Diving record, Dana Kunze, and the Deep Diving record, Nuno Gomes |website=xtremesport4u |url=http://xtremesport4u.com/extreme-sports-personalities/world-record-extreme-dives-high-diving-and-deep-diving}} ABC's Wide World of Sports produced world record high dives for its Emmy award-winning sports anthology show for more than a decade. They required contestants to dive or execute at least one somersault and exit the water without the assistance of others. In 1983 Wide World of Sports produced its last World Record High Dive at Sea World in San Diego. Five divers (Rick Charls, Rick Winters, Dana Kunze, Bruce Boccia, and Mike Foley) successfully executed dives from {{convert|172|ft|m|disp=flip}}.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5-yev7I4UY ABC's Wide World of Sports - World Record High Dive Challenge 1983 (172 ft) - YouTube] In 1985 Randy Dickison dove from {{convert|174|ft|8|in|disp=flip}} at Ocean Park in Hong Kong but sustained a broken femur and could not exit the water on his own.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpYWnpLUllA Randy Dickison's World Record High Dive from 172 feet 8 inches in Hong Kong 1986 - YouTube]
In 1987, Olivier Favre attempted a double back somersault from {{convert|177|ft|m|disp=flip}} but broke his back upon impact and had to be rescued.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLd529gWKJ4 Olivier Favre - World Record Highest Dive - 177ft - 54 m - YouTube] Laso Schaller's 2015 jump from a {{convert|193|ft|m|disp=flip}} cliff in Switzerland may not be considered a dive based on ABC's criteria (one somersault needed);[http://www.newsweek.com/laso-schaller-dana-kunze-dave-lindsay-high-diving-cliff-jump-365349 Laso Schaller's World-Record Jump Was Not a World-Record Dive] however, he is the current record holder for Highest dive from a diving board according to the Guinness Book of Records,{{Cite web | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/high-diving-board-men/ |title = Highest dive from a high diving board (Male)}} simultaneously holding the Highest Cliff Jump record for the same jump.{{Cite web | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/12/new-photos-laso-schaller-completes-the-highest-cliff-jump-ever-attempted-408930 | title=New photos: Laso Schaller completes the highest cliff jump ever attempted| date=3 December 2015}}
= Men =
= Women =
| class="wikitable" | |||||
| Date | High diver | Place | Height | Video | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1982 | {{flagicon|USA}} Debi Beachel | Rome, Italy{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | title=High Divers Set Marks at Hong Kong Event | work=The New York Times | date=7 April 1985 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/07/sports/high-divers-set-marks-at-hong-kong-event.html | access-date=9 September 2015}} | 33.3 m (109 ft 4 in) | ||
| 7 April 1985 | {{flagicon|USA}} Lucy Wardle | Ocean Park Hong Kong | 36.8 m (120 ft 9 in) |
Health implications
=Impact with water=
Water resistance increases with the speed of entry, so entering the water at high-velocity induces rapid and potentially dangerous decelleration.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/outdoor-activities/water-sports/cliff-diving.htm|title=How Cliff Diving Works|last=Kolich |first=Heather|work=mapquest|date=5 October 2009 |access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524072549/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/outdoor-activities/water-sports/cliff-diving.htm|archive-date=24 May 2024|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.deseret.com/1989/6/8/18810510/cliffs-plus-diving-danger-water-gravity-can-turn-thriller-into-a-killer|title=CLIFFS PLUS DIVING = DANGER: WATER, GRAVITY CAN TURN THRILLER INTO A KILLER|date=8 June 1989|work=Deseret News|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315093340/https://www.deseret.com/1989/6/8/18810510/cliffs-plus-diving-danger-water-gravity-can-turn-thriller-into-a-killer|archive-date=15 March 2022|url-status=live}} In 1989 a 22 year-old, who was "...a member of the Salt Lake Country Club diving team... ...climbed up on a set of towering rocks... ...about 60 feet..." (18.2 metres). The 22 year old dove into the water to perform a back flip, but never surfaced from the water and was found several days later 120 feet under the water after suffering a broken neck from the dive due to being unaware of shallow sandy bottom.
| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Fall height ! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Velocity reached at water surface |
| {{convert|5|ft}} |
| {{convert|10|ft}} |
| {{convert|20|ft}} |
| {{convert|10|m}} |
| {{convert|50|ft}} |
| {{convert|85|ft}} |
In popular culture
- The 2018 film Bumblebee featured a main character who was a former competitive high diver.Kenny, Glenn (18 December 2018). [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/movies/bumblebee-review.html "'Bumblebee' Review: Finally, a 'Transformers' Movie That's Actually Good"]. The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2022.Terry, Josh (20 December 2018). [https://www.deseret.com/2018/12/20/20661689/movie-review-if-you-hate-what-michael-bay-did-to-the-transformers-franchise-you-ll-love-bumblebee "Movie review: If you hate what Michael Bay did to the 'Transformers' franchise, you'll love 'Bumblebee'"]. Deseret News. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
Image gallery
File:Orlando-Duque Boston-2012-derivated.jpg|A composite dive from Orlando Duque.
File:Red Bull Cliff Diving Hamburg 2009 Anna Bader.jpg|Cliff Diving from the Rickmer Rickmers
File:Championnat Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series 2011 - Arrêt de La Rochelle (70).JPG|An event in La Rochelle, France.
File:Saltos Red Bull en Bilbao 2015 (21713225096).jpg|A person dives from the 27.5 metre platform on La Salve bridge.
File:Cliff jumping at Summersville Lake - 09.jpg|Amateur cliff diving
File:Rhiannan Iffland.ogg|Rhiannan Iffland - 2017 World Aquatics Championships Budapest
See also
{{portal|Sports}}
- 2014 FINA High Diving World Cup
- La Quebrada Cliff Divers
- List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in high diving
- Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series – annual international series of cliff diving events that was established in 2009
= Olympic events =
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite web | last=Crouse | first=Karen | title=High Diving, a Crowd-Pleasing Sport, Pursues an Olympic Platform | website=The New York Times | date=5 August 2015 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/06/sports/diving-a-crowd-pleasing-sport-pursues-an-olympic-platform.html | access-date=7 September 2015}}
- {{cite web | title=Breathtaking, daring moments from world's biggest diving competitions | publisher=CNN | date=27 July 2015 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/27/sport/gallery/high-diving-competitions-2015/index.html | access-date=7 September 2015}}
- {{cite book | last1=Mercier | first1=H. | last2=Ammann | first2=W.J. | last3=Deischl | first3=F. | last4=Eisenmann | first4=J. | last5=Floegl | first5=I. | last6=Hirsch | first6=G.H. | last7=Klein | first7=G.K. | last8=Lande | first8=G.J. | last9=Mahrenholtz | first9=O. | last10=Natke | first10=H.G. | title=Vibration Problems in Structures: Practical Guidelines | publisher=Birkhäuser | year=2012 | isbn=978-3-0348-9231-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pth5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 | pages=25–28}} – Contains content about high diving platforms
External links
{{Commons}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20150912161813/http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=404&Itemid=1630 Official website for the FINA High Diving World Cup]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20140322015839/http://whdf.com/home.html Official website for the World High Diving Federation]
{{Extreme sports}}