hoarding disorder

{{Main article|Psychology of collecting}}

Collecting and hoarding may seem similar, but there are distinct characteristics that set the behaviors apart. Collecting is a hobby often involving the targeted search and acquisition of specific items that form—at least from the perspective of the collector—a greater appreciation, deeper understanding, or increased synergistic value when combined with other similar items. Hoarding, by contrast, typically appears haphazard and involves the overall acquiring of common items that would not be especially meaningful to the person who is gathering such items in large quantities.{{cite web |title=Hoarding Disorder |url=http://www.psychiatry.org/hoarding-disorder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023094655/http://www.psychiatry.org/hoarding-disorder |archive-date=2014-10-23 |access-date=2014-10-30 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}{{cite web | vauthors = Neziroglu F |title=Hoarding: The Basics |url=http://www.adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/hoarding-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031095358/http://www.adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/hoarding-basics |archive-date=October 31, 2014 |access-date=October 30, 2014 |website=ADAA}} People who hoard keep common items that hold little to no meaning or value to others, unlike some collectors, whose items may be of great value to select people. Most hoarders are disorganized, and their living areas are crowded and in disarray. Most collectors can afford to store their items systematically or to have enough room to display their collections.{{cite web |title=Hoarding Disorder |url=http://www.psychiatry.org/hoarding-disorder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221181237/http://www.psychiatry.org/hoarding-disorder |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014 |website=psychiarty.org |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}} Age, mental state, or finances have caused some collectors to fall into a hoarding state.{{cite web |date=2014-12-05 |title=Fabulous 60 car stash found in French barn |url=http://onlymotors.com/fabulous-60-car-stash-found-french-barn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611005255/http://onlymotors.com/fabulous-60-car-stash-found-french-barn/ |archive-date=2015-06-11 |website=onlymotors.com}}

File:Gregrage canadiana garage 2023.jpg

A UK charity called Hoarding UK has found that people have very different ideas about what it means to have a cluttered home. For some, a small pile of things in the corner of an otherwise well-ordered room constitutes serious clutter. For others, only when the narrow pathways make it hard to get through a room does the clutter register. To ensure an accurate sense of a clutter problem and encourage people to get support, Hoarding UK uses the Clutter Image Rating, created by R. O. Frost and G. Steketee, a series of pictures of rooms in various stages of clutter—from completely clutter-free to very severely cluttered.{{cite web |title=Clutter Image Rating |url=https://hoardinguk.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/clutter-image-ratings.pdf |website=πhoardinguk.org |access-date=August 13, 2022 }}

The prevalence of hoarding disorder is estimated to be between 2 and 6 percent, although some surveys indicate the lifetime prevalence may be as high as 14%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Grisham JR, Norberg MM | title = Compulsive hoarding: current controversies and new directions | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–240 | date = 2010-06-30 | pmid = 20623927 | pmc = 3181962 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.2/jgrisham }} First-degree relatives of those with hoarding disorder are significantly more likely to report hoarding symptoms, and hoarding likely comes about due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Rates of hoarding increase significantly with age, and people over the age of 54 are three times as likely to meet criteria for hoarding disorder. However, hoarding symptoms typically manifest in early childhood, and worsen to the point of becoming clinically significant during middle age. Over half of hoarders report the onset of hoarding as being associated with a traumatic life event, and in this portion of hoarders, the age of onset is much higher. Epidemiological studies have found that hoarding is twice as common in males, although clinical studies on hoarding tend to be predominantly female, suggesting that male hoarders are a significantly understudied and under-treated population.

Hoarding is a significant problem around the world and can pose a public health risk when hoarding escalates enough to damage the integrity of a structure or attract vermin. Accumulated items can block exits during fires and increase the risk of injury. In Japan, hoarder houses are known as {{Nihongo|"garbage mansions"|ごみ屋敷|gomi yashiki}}, and have become a topic of public alarm in Japanese mass media.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuwano M, Nakao T, Yonemoto K, Yamada S, Murayama K, Okada K, Honda S, Ikari K, Tomiyama H, Hasuzawa S, Kanba S | display-authors = 6 | title = Clinical characteristics of hoarding disorder in Japanese patients | journal = Heliyon | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = e03527 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32181397 | pmc = 7063155 | doi = 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03527 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020Heliy...603527K }} In the Eastern United States, they are sometimes called Collyer mansions or Collyers, after the infamous Collyer brothers.

Under the DSM-IV, hoarding was listed as a symptom of obsessive–compulsive personality disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder; however, hoarding was found to have a relatively weak connection to OCD or OCPD compared to their other symptoms. Due to this evidence, hoarding disorder was separated as its own disorder in the DSM-5. However, hoarding does frequently co-occur with OCD. OCD patients with hoarding symptoms were found to display a distinct form of hoarding in which they were more likely to hoard "bizarre items" and perform compulsive rituals associated with their hoarding behavior, such as rituals around checking items or rituals to be performed before discarding them.{{cite journal | vauthors = Pertusa A, Fullana MA, Singh S, Alonso P, Menchón JM, Mataix-Cols D | title = Compulsive hoarding: OCD symptom, distinct clinical syndrome, or both? | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 165 | issue = 10 | pages = 1289–1298 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18483134 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111730 }}

However, the majority of hoarders do not show OCD symptoms. Hoarding has been found to be correlated with depression, social anxiety, compulsive grooming disorders such as trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, reduced cognitive and affective empathy{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Wenting |last2=McDonald |first2=Skye |last3=Wearne |first3=Travis |last4=Grisham |first4=Jessica |date=June 2021 |title=Investigating associations between hoarding symptoms and affective and cognitive empathy |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33587764/ |journal=The British Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=177–193 |doi=10.1111/bjc.12280 |issn=0144-6657 |pmid=33587764|s2cid=231935181 }} and compulsive shopping.{{cite journal | vauthors = Abramowitz JS, Wheaton MG, Storch EA | title = The status of hoarding as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder | journal = Behaviour Research and Therapy | volume = 46 | issue = 9 | pages = 1026–1033 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18684434 | doi = 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.006 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Frost RO, Steketee G, Tolin DF | title = Comorbidity in hoarding disorder | journal = Depression and Anxiety | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 876–884 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21770000 | pmc = 3188689 | doi = 10.1002/da.20861 }} Hoarders have higher than average rates of traumatic past events, particularly those associated with loss or deprivation. Past events which occurred before the onset of hoarding are correlated to a subject's emotional attachment to physical objects, and past events after the onset of hoarding increase a subject's anxiety around memory.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fontenelle LF, Muhlbauer JE, Albertella L, Eppingstall J | title = Traumatic and stressful life events in hoarding: the role of loss and deprivation | journal = European Journal of Psychotraumatology | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 1947002 | date = 2021-01-01 | pmid = 34367527 | pmc = 8312593 | doi = 10.1080/20008198.2021.1947002 }} Hoarders are also more likely to have a past with alcohol abuse.

The prevalence of different comorbidities is influenced by gender. In men, hoarding is associated with generalized anxiety disorder and tics, while among women, hoarding is associated with social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and compulsive grooming behaviors like nail-biting and skin-picking.

In a 2010 study using data from self-reports of hoarding behavior from 751 participants, it was found most reported the onset of their hoarding symptoms between the ages of 11 and 20 years old, with 70% reporting the behaviors before the age of 21. Fewer than 4% of people reported the onset of their symptoms after the age of 40. The data showed that compulsive hoarding usually begins early, but often does not become more prominent until after age 40. Different reasons have been given for this, such as the effects of family presence earlier in life and limits on hoarding imposed by housing situation and lifestyle. The understanding of early onset hoarding behavior may help in the future to better distinguish hoarding behavior from "normal" childhood collecting behaviors.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tolin DF, Meunier SA, Frost RO, Steketee G | title = Course of compulsive hoarding and its relationship to life events | journal = Depression and Anxiety | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 829–838 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20336803 | doi = 10.1002/da.20684 | s2cid = 429636 | doi-access = free }}

A second key part of this study was to determine if stressful life events are linked to the onset of hoarding symptoms. Similar to self-harming, traumatized persons may create a problem for themselves in order to avoid their real anxiety or trauma. Facing their real issues may be too difficult for them, so they create an artificial problem (in their case, hoarding) and prefer to battle with it rather than determine, face, or do something about their real anxieties. Hoarders may suppress their psychological pain by hoarding. The study shows that adults who hoard report a greater lifetime incidence of having possessions taken by force, forced sexual activity as either an adult or a child, including forced sexual intercourse, and being physically handled roughly during childhood, thus proving traumatic events are positively correlated with the severity of hoarding. For each five years of life the participant would rate the severity of their hoarding symptoms from 1 to 4, 4 being the most severe. Of the participants, 548 reported a chronic course, 159 an increasing course and 39 people, a decreasing course of illness. The incidents of increased hoarding behavior were usually correlated to five categories of stressful life events.

Although excessive acquiring is not a diagnostic criterion of hoarding, at least two-thirds of individuals with hoarding disorder excessively acquire possessions. Having a more anxiously attached interpersonal style is associated with more compulsive buying and greater acquisition of free items and these relationships are mediated by stronger distress intolerance and greater anthropomorphism.{{cite journal | vauthors = Norberg MM, Crone C, Kwok C, Grisham JR | title = Anxious attachment and excessive acquisition: The mediating roles of anthropomorphism and distress intolerance | journal = Journal of Behavioral Addictions | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 171–180 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29444605 | pmc = 6035017 | doi = 10.1556/2006.7.2018.08 }} Anthropomorphism has been shown to increase both the sentimental value and perceived utility of items.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwok C, Grisham JR, Norberg MM | title = Object attachment: Humanness increases sentimental and instrumental values | journal = Journal of Behavioral Addictions | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 1132–1142 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30311771 | pmc = 6376393 | doi = 10.1556/2006.7.2018.98 }} These findings indicate that individuals may over-value their possessions to compensate for thwarted interpersonal needs. Feeling alone and/or disconnected from others may impair people's ability to tolerate distress and increase people's tendencies to see human-like qualities in objects. The humanness of items may increase their perceived value and individuals may acquire these valued objects to alleviate distress. Individuals with hoarding problems have been shown to have greater interpersonal problems than individuals who only excessively acquire possessions,{{cite journal | vauthors = Norberg MM, Kwok C, Crone C, David J, Kakar V, Grisham JR |title=Greater interpersonal problems differentiate those who excessively acquire and save from those who only excessively acquire possessions |journal=Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders |date=2020 |volume=27 |pages=100571 |doi=10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100571|s2cid=225342060 }} which provides some support for the assumption that individuals with hoarding problems may have a stronger motivation to hang onto possessions for support. As possessions cannot provide support in the way humans can and because saving excessively can frustrate other people due to its impact on their quality of life, individuals with hoarding disorder may be caught in a feedback loop. They may save to alleviate distress, but this saving may cause distress, which may lead them to keep saving to alleviate the distress.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a commonly implemented therapeutic intervention for compulsive hoarding. As part of cognitive behavior therapy, the therapist may help the patient to:

• Discover why one is compelled to hoard.
• Learn to organize possessions in order to decide what to discard.
• Develop decision-making skills.
• Declutter the home during in-home visits by a therapist or professional organizer.
• Gain and perform relaxation skills.
• Attend family and/or group therapy.
• Be open to trying psychiatric hospitalization if the hoarding is serious.
• Have periodic visits and consultations to keep a healthy lifestyle.Roger, Harms W. "Definition". Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 25 May 2011. Web. 21 Mar. 2012.

This modality of treatment usually involves exposure and response prevention to situations that cause anxiety and cognitive restructuring of beliefs related to hoarding. Furthermore, research has also shown that certain CBT protocols have been more effective in treatment than others. CBT programs that specifically address the motivation of the affected person, organization, acquiring new clutter, and removing current clutter from the home have shown promising results. This type of treatment typically involves in-home work with a therapist combined with between-session homework, the completion of which is associated with better treatment outcomes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tolin DF, Frost RO, Steketee G | title = An open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive hoarding | journal = Behaviour Research and Therapy | volume = 45 | issue = 7 | pages = 1461–1470 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17306221 | pmc = 1950337 | doi = 10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.001 }} Research on internet-based CBT treatments for the disorder (where participants have access to educational resources, cognitive strategies, and chat groups) has also shown promising results both in terms of short- and long-term recovery.{{cite journal | vauthors = Muroff J, Steketee G, Himle J, Frost R | title = Delivery of internet treatment for compulsive hoarding (D.I.T.C.H.) | journal = Behaviour Research and Therapy | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 79–85 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19800051 | doi = 10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.006 | doi-access = free }}

Other therapeutic approaches that have been found to be helpful:

1. Motivational interviewing originated in addiction therapy. This method is significantly helpful when used in hoarding cases in which insight is poor and ambivalence to change is marked.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilliam CM, Tolin DF | title = Compulsive hoarding | journal = Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic | volume = 74 | issue = 2 | pages = 93–121 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20545491 | doi = 10.1521/bumc.2010.74.2.93 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Tolin DF | title = Challenges and advances in treating hoarding | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 451–455 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21374598 | doi = 10.1002/jclp.20796 | author-link = David F. Tolin }}
2. Harm reduction rather than symptom reduction. Also borrowed from addiction therapy. The goal is to decrease the harmful implications of the behavior, rather than the hoarding behaviors.
3. Group psychotherapy reduces social isolation and social anxiety and is cost-effective compared to one-on-one intervention.{{cite journal | vauthors = Frost RO | title = Treatment of hoarding | journal = Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 251–261 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20136381 | doi = 10.1586/ern.09.159 | s2cid = 21169686 }} Group CBT tends to have similar outcomes to individual therapy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilliam CM, Norberg MM, Villavicencio A, Morrison S, Hannan SE, Tolin DF | title = Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for hoarding disorder: an open trial | journal = Behaviour Research and Therapy | volume = 49 | issue = 11 | pages = 802–807 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21925643 | doi = 10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.008 }} Although group treatment often does not include home sessions, experimental research suggests that treatment outcomes may be improved if home sessions are included. Individuals have been shown to discard more possessions when in a cluttered environment compared to a tidy environment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Crone C, Norberg MM | title = Scared and surrounded by clutter: The influence of emotional reactivity | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 235 | pages = 285–292 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29660644 | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.066 | s2cid = 4945691 }} Indeed, a meta-analysis found that a greater number of home sessions improves CBT outcomes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tolin DF, Frost RO, Steketee G, Muroff J | title = Cognitive behavioral therapy for hoarding disorder: a meta-analysis | journal = Depression and Anxiety | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 158–166 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25639467 | doi = 10.1002/da.22327 | s2cid = 205736485 | doi-access = free }}

Individuals with hoarding behaviors are often described as having low motivation and poor compliance levels, and as being indecisive and procrastinators, which may frequently lead to premature termination (i.e., dropout) or low response to treatment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tolin DF | title = Understanding and treating hoarding: a biopsychosocial perspective | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 517–526 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21360705 | doi = 10.1002/jclp.20795 | doi-access = free }} Therefore, it was suggested that future treatment approaches, and pharmacotherapy in particular, be directed to address the underlying mechanisms of cognitive impairments demonstrated by individuals with hoarding symptoms.{{cite journal | vauthors = Saxena S | title = Pharmacotherapy of compulsive hoarding | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 477–484 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21404273 | doi = 10.1002/jclp.20792 }}

Mental health professionals frequently express frustration regarding hoarding cases, mostly due to premature termination and poor response to treatment. Patients are frequently described as indecisive, procrastinators, recalcitrant, and as having low or no motivation, which can explain why many interventions fail to accomplish significant results. To overcome this obstacle, some clinicians recommend accompanying individual therapy with home visits to help the clinician: {{ordered list|type=upper-alpha

|1 = Get a better insight into the hoarding severity and style.

|2 = Devise a treatment plan that is more suitable to the particular case.

|3 = Desensitize affected patients to visitors.{{cite journal | vauthors = Frost RO, Hristova V | title = Assessment of hoarding | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 456–466 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21351103 | doi = 10.1002/jclp.20790 }} }}

Likewise, certain cases are assisted by professional organizers as well.

There have been several television shows that focused on those suspected to have hoarding disorder. Hoarders, an ongoing series by A&E, focuses on helping one or two individual "hoarders" per episode and features a rotating cast of professional psychologists and organizers who specialize in hoarding disorder.{{Cite web |title=Watch Hoarders Full Episodes, Video & More |url=https://www.aetv.com/shows/hoarders |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=A&E |language=en}} A similar show, Hoarding: Buried Alive ran from 2010 to 2014 on TLC.{{Citation |title=Hoarding: Buried Alive |date=2010-03-14 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1538296/ |type=Documentary |access-date=2023-11-29 |others=Bray Poor, Becky Beeton, Daniel J. Moran |publisher=Discovery Studios}} Hoarders: Canada followed a similar format to Hoarders and Hoarding: Buried Alive.{{Cite web |title=Hoarders Canada |url=https://tv.bemakeful.com/shows/hoarders-canada/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Makeful Television |language=en-US}} Britain's Biggest Hoarders is an ongoing series hosted by Jasmine Harman, the daughter of a hoarder, and follows her as she and a team of experts seek to help others with the disorder.{{Citation |title=Britain's Biggest Hoarders |date=2012-05-08 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2148216/ |type=Documentary |access-date=2023-11-29 |others=Jasmine Harman |publisher=Twofour Broadcast}} The Hoarder Next Door is a four-part series based in Britain that followed a group of hoarders participating in a treatment program led by psychotherapist Stelios Kiosses.{{Cite web |title=The Hoarder Next Door {{!}} Channel 4 |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/hoarder-next-door |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=www.channel4.com}} Confessions: Animal Hoarding is a six-episode series aired on Animal Planet that focused on those who hoard animals and their living conditions.{{Citation |title=Confessions: Animal Hoarding (TV Series 2010– ) - Plot - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1684397/plotsummary/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-US}} Hoarder House Flippers is more focused on the hoarded house, where teams work hard to flip properties that have been hoarded.{{Cite web |title=Hoarder House Flippers |url=https://www.hgtv.ca/hoarder-house-flippers/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=HGTV Canada |language=en-CA}}

There have been possible depictions of hoarding in literature before the diagnosis was created. In Nikolai Gogol’s book Dead Souls (1842), wealthy Plyushkin displays hoarding behaviors. For example, he serves an old cake from years ago to a business partner, having a servant scrape off the mold. He is famous among the locals for his compulsion to find and keep items.{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Ryan |date=November 14, 2022 |title=Historical Portrayal of Hoarding Disorder in European Literature and Its Relationship to the Economic and Personal Circumstances of the Authors |journal=Cureus |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=e31025 |doi=10.7759/cureus.31025 |doi-access=free |pmid=36349076 |pmc=9629820 }}

Le Cousin Pons, a novella written by Honoré de Balzac in 1846, features Pons, who hoards art and antiques. He collected relatively low-value items, hoping they would become more valuable with time. However, he is unwilling to part with any of his items even when he becomes destitute. He dies with his collection intact.

In Charles Dickens's Bleak House (1862), London shop owner Krook hoards items, primarily legal documents. He continues to buy items but doesn't sell any, even though he claims he buys to sell later for a profit. Several documents that would resolve a legal case central to the novel's plot are lost among his hoard.

Emily Maguire wrote Love Objects in 2021, a novel about a woman with hoarding disorder that focused on the behavior and the consequences of a hoarder being exposed.{{Cite news |date=1 April 2021 |title=As we stockpile wealth, toilet paper, novelist gives voice to a 'hoarder' |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/as-we-stockpile-wealth-toilet-paper-novelist-gives-voice-to-a-hoarder-20210325-p57e5p.html |vauthors=Baum C}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

• Bibliomania, the compulsive collection and hoarding of books
• Clutterers Anonymous
• Compulsive behavior
• Compulsive decluttering
• Digital hoarding
• Diogenes syndrome, mental disorder characterised by extreme neglect, hoarding, social withdrawal and a lack of shame
• Hoarder house
• Hoarding
• Impulse control disorder
• Obsessive–compulsive spectrum
• Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
• Transgenerational trauma

}}

Hoarders

• Alexander Kennedy Miller, hoarded about 30 Stutz automobiles (1906{{ndash}}1993)
• Collyer brothers, Homer Collyer (1881{{ndash}}1947) and Langley Collyer (1885{{ndash}}1947)
• Edmund Trebus (1918{{ndash}}2002), participated in TV documentary
• Edith Bouvier Beale and Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale, American socialites featured in the 1975 documentary Grey Gardens

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book | vauthors = Frost RO, Steketee G |date=2011 |title=Stuff: Compulsive Hoarding and the Meaning of Things |publisher=Mariner Books |isbn=9780547487250}}
• {{cite book | vauthors = Herring S |date=2014 |title=The Hoarders: Material Deviance in Modern American Culture |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226171715}}
• {{cite news | vauthors = Mapes D |date=11 March 2008 |title=Engulfed in Clutter, Hoarders Keep Heaping It On |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/engulfed-clutter-hoarders-keep-heaping-it-flna1c9461287 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508034418/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/engulfed-clutter-hoarders-keep-heaping-it-flna1c9461287 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live |publisher=NBC News}} Article discussing the disorder and its relationship to OCD.
• {{cite book | vauthors = Sholl J |date=2010 |title=Dirty Secret: A Daughter Comes Clean About Her Mother's Compulsive Hoarding |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster/Gallery Books |isbn=9781439192535}}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Compulsive hoarding}}

• [https://www.challengingdisorganization.org/resources/clutter-hoarding-scale/ The ICD Clutter–Hoarding Scale]
• [https://hoardinguk.org/ HoardingUK]

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Category:Obsessive–compulsive or related disorders