human body weight

File:Broselowtape.JPG

There are a number of methods to estimate weight in children for circumstances (such as emergencies) when actual weight cannot be measured. Most involve a parent or health care provider guessing the child's weight through weight-estimation formulas. These formulas base their findings on the child's age and tape-based systems of weight estimation. Of the many formulas that have been used for estimating body weight, some include the Advanced Pediatric Life Support formula, the Leffler formula, and Theron formula. There are also several types of tape-based systems for estimating children's weight, with the best-known being the Broselow tape.{{cite journal|last1=Lubitz|first1=Deborah|journal=Ann Emerg Med|year=1988|volume=17|issue=6|pmid=3377285|doi=10.1016/S0196-0644(88)80396-2|last2=Seidel|first2=JS|last3=Chameides|first3=L|last4=Luten|first4=RC|last5=Zaritsky|first5=AL|last6=Campbell|first6=FW|title=A rapid method for estimating weight and resuscitation drug dosages from length in the pediatric age group|pages=576–81}} The Broselow tape is based on length with weight read from the appropriate color area. Newer systems, such as the PAWPER tape, make use of a simple two-step process to estimate weight: the length-based weight estimation is modified according to the child's body habitus to increase the accuracy of the final weight prediction.{{cite journal

|last=Wells

|first=Mike

|journal=Sanguine

|year=2011

|volume=1

|issue=2

|title=Clinical: The PAWPER Tape

|url = http://www.ecssa.org.za/sanguine-2011-2.aspx#

|access-date=13 June 2013 }}

The Leffler formula is used for children 0–10 years of age. In those less than a year old, it is

:$m\; =\; \backslash tfrac\{1\}\{2\}a\_m\; +\; 4$

and for those 1–10 years old, it is

:$m\; =\; 2a\_y\; +\; 10$

where m is the number of kilograms the child weighs and a_m and a_y respectively are the number of months or years old the child is.

The Theron formula is

:$m\; =\; e^\{0.175571a\_y\; +\; 2.197099\}$

where m and a_y are as above.{{cite journal |vauthors=So TY, Farrington E, Absher RK |title=Evaluation of the accuracy of different methods used to estimate weights in the pediatric population |journal=Pediatrics |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=e1045–51 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19482737 |doi=10.1542/peds.2008-1968 |s2cid=6009482 }}

Body weight varies in small amounts throughout the day, as the amount of water in the body is not constant. It changes due to activities such as drinking, urinating, or exercise.{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jessica|title=Stop Hating the Scale|url=http://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/when-your-weight-fluctuates-whats-normal-and-whats-not|website=Shape Magazine|access-date=23 January 2017|date=16 May 2013}} Professional sports participants may deliberately dehydrate themselves to enter a lower weight class, a practice known as weight cutting.{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Orion|title=Making Weight: Why Fighters Cut Weight and 3 Tips for Doing It|url=https://breakingmuscle.com/learn/making-weight-why-fighters-cut-weight-and-3-tips-for-doing-it|website=Breaking Muscle|date=4 August 2013 |access-date=23 January 2017}}

Ideal body weight (IBW) was initially introduced by Ben J. Devine in 1974 to allow estimation of drug clearances in obese patients;{{cite journal|last1=McCarron|first1=Margaret M.|last2=Devine|first2=Ben J.|title=Clinical Pharmacy: Case Studies: Case Number 25 Gentamicin Therapy |journal=Drug Intell Clin Pharm|date=November 1, 1974|volume=8|issue=11|pages=650–5|doi=10.1177/106002807400801104|s2cid=80397846}} researchers have since shown that the metabolism of certain drugs relates more to IBW than total body weight.{{cite journal|last=Pai|first=Manjunath P|author2=Paloucek, Frank P|title=The Origin of the "Ideal" Body Weight Equations|journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy|date=September 2000|volume=34|pages=1066–1069|doi=10.1345/aph.19381|pmid=10981254|issue=9|s2cid=6213850}} The term was based on the use of insurance data that demonstrated the relative mortality for males and females according to different height-weight combinations.

The most common estimation of IBW is by the Devine formula; other models exist and have been noted to give similar results. Other methods used in estimating the ideal body weight are body mass index and the Hamwi method. The IBW is not the perfect fat measurement, as it does not show the fat or muscle percentage in one's body. For example, athletes' results may show that they are overweight when they are actually very fit and healthy. Machines like the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry can accurately measure the percentage and weight of fat, muscle, and bone in a body.

The Devine formula for calculating ideal body weight in adults is as follows:

• Male ideal body weight = {{convert|50|kg}} + {{convert|0.9|kg}} × (height (cm) − 152)
• Female ideal body weight = {{convert|45.5|kg}} + {{convert|0.9|kg}} × (height (cm) − 152)

The Hamwi method is used to calculate the ideal body weight of the general adult:{{cite book |title=Geriatric Nutrition Handbook|page=15|isbn=978-0412136412|last1=Bartlett|first1=Stephen|last2=Marian|first2=Mary|last3=Taren|first3=Douglas|last4=Muramoto|first4=Myra L.|date=30 November 1997|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning }}

• Male ideal body weight = {{convert|48|kg}} + {{convert|1.1|kg}} × (height (cm) − 152)
• Female ideal body weight = {{convert|45.4|kg}} + {{convert|0.9|kg}} × (height (cm) − 152)

Many disciplines in weightlifting or combat sports separate competitors into weight classes.

Ideal body weight, specifically the Devine formula, is used clinically for multiple reasons, most commonly in estimating renal function in drug dosing, and predicting pharmacokinetics in morbidly obese patients.{{cite journal |pmc=3100285 |year=2011 |last1=Jones |first1=Graham RD |title= Estimating Renal Function for Drug Dosing Decisions |volume=32 |issue= 2 |pages=81–88 |journal=The Clinical Biochemist Reviews |pmid=21611081}}{{cite journal|year=2011 |last1=van Kraligen |first1=S |last2=van de Garde |first2=EMW |last3=Knibbe |first3=CAJ |last4=Diepstraten |first4=J|last5=Wiezer |first5=MJ |last6=van Ramshorst |first6=B |last7=Dongen |first7=EPA |title= Comparative evaluation of atracurium dosed on ideal body weight vs. total body weight in morbidly obese patients |volume=71 |issue= 1|pages=34–40 |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03803.x |pmid=21143499|pmc=3018024 }}

Data from 2005:

Researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine published a study of average weights of adult humans in the journal BMC Public Health and at the United Nations conference Rio+20.Data extracted from {{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/9345086/The-worlds-fattest-countries-how-do-you-compare.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/9345086/The-worlds-fattest-countries-how-do-you-compare.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The world's fattest countries: how do you compare?|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=21 June 2012|access-date=22 September 2016}}{{cbignore}}

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• Anthropometry
• Bergmann's rule
• Birth weight
• Body mass index (BMI)
• Classification of obesity
• Emaciation
• Hesse's Rule
• History of anthropometry
• Human height
• List of heaviest people
• Obesity
• Overweight
• Set point theory
• {{Section link|Stone (unit)|human body weight}}
• Thermoregulation in humans
• Underweight
• Weight loss and weight gain
• Weight phobia (disambiguation)
• Exercise paradox

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Category:Auxology

Category:Anthropometry

Category:Mathematics in medicine