human equivalent#Human equivalent dose
The term human equivalent is used in a number of different contexts. This term can refer to human equivalents of various comparisons of animate and inanimate things.
Animal models in chemistry and medicine{{anchor|Human equivalent dose}}
Animal models are used to learn more about a disease, its diagnosis and its treatment, with animal models predicting human toxicity in up to 71% of cases.{{cite journal |vauthors=Olson H, Betton G, Robinson D, etal |title=Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and in animals |journal=Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=56–67 |year=2000 |pmid=11029269 |doi=10.1006/rtph.2000.1399 |s2cid=17158127 }} The human equivalent dose (HED) or human equivalent concentration (HEC) is the quantity of a chemical that, when administered to humans, produces an effect equal to that produced in test animals by a smaller dose.BusinessDictionary.com definition. [http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-equivalent-dose.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606031029/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-equivalent-dose.html |date=2019-06-06 }}. Calculating the HED is a step in carrying out a clinical trial of a pharmaceutical drug.U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Estimating the Safe Starting Dose in Clinical Trials for Therapeutics in Adult Healthy Volunteers. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030210170632/http://www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/dose.htm].
Human energy usage and conversion
The concept of human-equivalent energy (H-e) assists in understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a “feel” for the use of a given amount of energy by expressing it in terms of the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism,Bicycle calculator: speed, weight, wattage etc. [http://bikecalculator.com/]. assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts.Cross, R. & Spencer, R. 2008. Sustainable gardens. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Melbourne. {{ISBN|978-0-643-09422-2}}. A light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100/80), i.e. 1.25 H-e. On the other hand, a human may generate as much as 1,000 watts for a task lasting a few minutes, or even more for a task of a few seconds' duration, while climbing a flight of stairs may represent work at a rate of about 200 watts.{{cite web |url=http://www.uic.edu/aa/college/gallery400/notions/human%20energy.htm |title=Home |website=www.uic.edu |access-date=2009-05-29}}
Animal attributes expressed in terms of human equivalents
=Cat and dog years=
The ages of domestic cats and dogs are often referred to in terms of "cat years" or "dog years", representing a conversion to human-equivalent years. One formula for cat years is based on a cat reaching maturity in approximately 1 year, which could be seen as 16 in human terms, then adding about 4 years for every year the cat ages. A 5-year-old cat would then be (5 − 1) × 4 + 16 = 32 "cat years" (i.e. human-equivalent years), and a 10-year-old cat (10 − 1) × 4 + 16 = 52 in human terms.{{cite web |url=http://www.metpet.com/Reference/Cats/Health/cat_vs_human_ages.htm |title=Cat Vs Human Ages |website=www.metpet.com |access-date=2009-06-01}}
See also
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References
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