hurlbat
{{Short description|Historical weapon}}
A hurlbat (or whirlbat, whorlbat) is a weapon of unclear original definition. Older reference works refer to it largely as a type of club, either held in the hand or thrown. Modern usage appears to refer to a type of throwing-axe.
Historical references
- "Hurlebat", "Hurlebatte" and "Hurlebadde" are documented as a by-name in English patent rolls as early as 1305, and are attested namely in Berkshire, Essex and Hampshire (i.e. the historical Essex and eastern Wessex) at least until the early 15th century.University of Michigan Middle English Dictionary [2022]. "[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED21530 hurle-bat(te]". Retrieved 2022-09-01.{{cite book|author1=George Redmonds|author2=Turi King|author3=David Hey|authorlink3=David Hey|title=Surnames, DNA, and Family History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQRMzEcIb2gC&pg=PA33|date=25 August 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-162036-2|pages=33}}
- About 1440-1450, the hurlebatte was mentioned in Jacob's Well: An English Treatise on the Cleansing of Man's Conscience, in the context of leisurely swordsmanship: [P]leying at þe two hande swerd, at swerd & bokelere, & at two pyked staf, at þe hurlebatte [...].
- The 1538 Dictionary of syr Thomas Elyot knyght uses "hurlebatte" to translate a Latin word, and describes a throwing/retrieving action: Adides, short battes of a cubyte longe and an halfe, hauynge pikes of yron in theym, and were tyed to a lyne, that whanne they were throwen, he that did cast thẽ, mought plucke them agayn vnto him, hurlebattes. "Adides" is a misreading or printing error of aclides (see aklys).{{cite book|author=Gabriele Stein|title=Sir Thomas Elyot as Lexicographer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT398|date=30 January 2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-150618-5|pages=398–390}}
- Thomas Blount's 1707 English dictionary Glossographia Anglicana Nova defined "whorlbat" as a kind of Gauntlet with Straps and leaden Plummets, uſed by the ancient Heroes in their ſolemn Games and Exerciſes. (i.e. a cestus){{cite book|author=Thomas Blount|title=Glossographia Anglicana Nova; Or, A Dictionary Interpreting Such Hard Words of Whatever Language, as are at Present Used in the English Tongue: With Their Etymologies, Definitions, Etc. ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j14JAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT580|year=1707|publisher=D. Brown|pages=582}}
- An 1837 edition of the Samuel Johnson dictionary simply defined "hurlbat" (or "whirlbat") as "a weapon",{{cite book|author=Samuel Johnson|title=Miniature Edition of Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language, with a Variety of Useful Tables and Lists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTYWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA116|year=1837|publisher=Stirling, Kenney|pages=116}}
- The 1854 edition of John Craig's dictionary defined "hurlbat"/"whirlbat" as "an old kind of weapon".{{cite book|author=John Craig|title=A New Universal, Technological, Etymological, and Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTJAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA954|year=1854|pages=954}}
- The 1856 German-English dictionary of Johann Gottfried Flügel defined "whirlbat" (or "hurlibat") as a club that is swung,der Streitkolben, Schwingkolben, Schlagkolben – "the mace, swung club, cudgel" such as a mace.{{cite book|author1=Johann Gottfried Flügel|author2=Napoleon N W. Meissner|title=Vollständiges englisch-deutsches und deutsch-englisches Wörterbuch, bearb. von J. G. Flügel (N. N. W. Meissner).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GBXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1614%7CYEAR%3D1856%7CPAGES%3D976%E2%80%93%7D%7D%3C%2FREF%3E|year=1856|pages=680, 1614}}
- In 1881, surnames derived from the by-name of 500 years ago were uncommon, and attested mainly throughout North West England to the Midlands ("Hurlbutt"), in Leicester ("Hurlbert", "Hurlburt" and "Hurlbut"), Surrey ("Hurlbatt") and Tynemouth ("Harlbut"). Except for Surrey, whose version is closest to the Medieval original, these regions are to the north of the name's distribution in the 14th-century.
- The 1911 Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia notes it to be a kind of club or cudgel, so called because whirled around the head. It does not appear that such a weapon was thrown.{{cite book|title=The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century dictionary ... prepared under the superintendence of William Dwight Whitney ... rev. & enl. under the superintendence of Benjamin E. Smith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQ_pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2924|year=1911|publisher=Century Company|pages=2924–}}
Thus, in the Middle Ages, the term referred to an aklys-type spiked club attached to a string, used for throwing and perhaps as target in swordsmanship training. After 1700, however, this meaning became quickly obscure, and eventually the "hurlbat" was imagined as a bludgeoning weapon that was swung, not thrown.