hydroentanglement
{{Short description|Bonding process for wet or dry fibrous webs}}
Hydroentanglement is a bonding process for wet or dry fibrous webs made by either carding, airlaying or wet-laying, the resulting bonded fabric being a nonwoven. It uses fine, high pressure jets of water which penetrate the web, hit the conveyor belt (or "wire" as in papermaking conveyor) and bounce back causing the fibres to entangle.{{Cite journal|last1=Xiang|first1=P.|last2=Kuznetsov|first2=Andrey V.|last3=Seyam|first3=A. M.|date=2008|title=A Porous Medium Model of the Hydro entanglement Process|url=http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/49dcde6d4c0809db,2fd2ac155a3a2f3c,1d909a9b163ee1a9.html|journal=Journal of Porous Media|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=35–49|doi=10.1615/JPorMedia.v11.i1.30|issn=1091-028X|url-access=subscription}}
Hydroentanglement is sometimes known as spunlacing, this term arising because the early nonwovens were entangled on conveyors with a patterned weave which gave the nonwovens a lacy appearance. It can also be regarded as a two-dimensional equivalent of spinning fibres into yarns prior to weaving. The water pressure has a direct bearing on the gsm, and strength of the web, and very high pressures not only entangle but can also split fibres into micro- and nano-fibres which give the resulting hydroentangled nonwoven a leatherlike or even silky texture. This type of nonwoven can be as strong and tough as woven fabrics made from the same fibres.{{Cite patent|title=Process and apparatus for preparing a molded, textured, spunlaced, nonwoven web|country=US|number=7530150|pubdate=2009-05-12|assign1=The Procter & Gamble Company|inventor1-last=Brennan|inventor1-first=Jonathan Paul|inventor2-last=Sporing|inventor2-first=
Composition
Different types of staple length fibers and blends can be used in hydroentangled nonwoven fabrics. Polyester and cellulosic (regenerated cellulosic fibers such as viscose) blend is most commonly used in these fabrics.{{Cite patent|title=Process for making spunlaced nonwoven fabrics|country=US|number=5240764|pubdate=1993-08-31|assign1=E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co.|inventor1-last=Haid|inventor1-first=Joseph W.|inventor2-last=Vincent|inventor2-first=James R.}}
Characteristics
The spun-lace fabrics have variable thickness and properties since they are produced by varying processing parameters such as waterjet pressure, delivery speed, web mass and web composition. Primarily these fabrics are water absorbent and holds many other properties like water retention, water vapor permeability and capillary. They are lightweight, soft, flexible and silky texture. They are disposable and affordable than peers.{{Cite journal|last1=Hajiani|first1=F.|last2=Hosseini|first2=S. M.|last3=Ansari|first3=N.|last4=Jeddi|first4=A. A. A.|date=2010-08-01|title=The influence of water jet pressure settings on the structure and absorbency of spunlace nonwoven|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-010-0798-x|journal=Fibers and Polymers|language=en|volume=11|issue=5|pages=798–804|doi=10.1007/s12221-010-0798-x|s2cid=135803290|issn=1875-0052|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last1=Jain|first1=Ravi Kumar|last2=Sinha|first2=Sujit Kumar|last3=Das|first3=Apurba|date=2018-01-01|title=Structural investigation of spunlace nonwoven|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/RJTA-07-2017-0038|journal=Research Journal of Textile and Apparel|volume=22|issue=3|pages=158–179|doi=10.1108/RJTA-07-2017-0038|issn=1560-6074|url-access=subscription}}
Process
Here are the key steps involved in the spunlace nonwoven manufacturing process:[https://www.nwfabric.com/ask/spunlace-nonwoven-manufacturing-process/ spunlace nonwoven process] Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- Fiber Preparation:
The process starts with the selection of appropriate raw materials. These can include natural fibers like cotton, viscose, or bamboo, as well as synthetic fibers like polyester, polypropylene, or a blend of various fibers.
- Carding:
In this step, the fibers are carded to align them in a parallel orientation. Carding involves passing the fibers through a series of rollers with fine wire teeth, which separate and align the fibers.
- Web Formation:
The aligned fibers are then fed into a machine that creates a loose, fibrous web. This web acts as the starting point for the spunlace process.
- Hydroentangling (Spunlacing):
This is the core step in the spunlace process. The loose fiber web is passed through a series of high-pressure water jets that forcefully spray water onto the fibers. These jets entangle the fibers together, creating a cohesive fabric.The water jets cause the fibers to intertwine, resulting in a nonwoven fabric with specific properties like strength, thickness, and texture.
- Dewatering and Drying:
After the hydroentangling process, excess water is removed from the fabric. This can be done using a combination of mechanical rollers and/or hot air drying, depending on the specific requirements of the final product.
Use
They are suitable for many types of wet wipes, kitchen wipes and aprons. By altering physical properties with lamination, coating, etc. these fabrics offer variety of products suitable in use of hygiene care and medical textiles for instance sanitary napkins, baby wipes, face masks and range of medical gowns used as a part of PPE.{{Cite web|title=How Surgical Masks are Made, Tested and Used|url=https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/other/how-surgical-masks-are-made|access-date=2020-11-06|website=www.thomasnet.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120050336/https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/other/how-surgical-masks-are-made/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|title=How to Make PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)|url=https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plant-facility-equipment/how-to-make-ppe|access-date=2020-11-06|website=www.thomasnet.com|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yinjiang|last2=Deng|first2=Chao|last3=Wang|first3=Yuxiao|last4=Huang|first4=Chen|last5=Zhao|first5=Yi|last6=Jin|first6=Xiangyu|date=2019-02-01|title=A new dispersible moist wipe from wetlaid/spunlace nonwoven: Development and characterization|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083718757524|journal=Journal of Industrial Textiles|language=en|volume=48|issue=7|pages=1136–1150|doi=10.1177/1528083718757524|s2cid=139500588|issn=1528-0837|url-access=subscription}}
References
{{Reflist}}
= Bibliography =
- {{cite web |url=http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/Textiles/Spunlace.htm |publisher=University of Tennessee's College of Engineering |title=Spunlace (Hydroentanglement) |date=April 2004 |author1=M. G. Kamath |author2=Atul Dahiya |author3=Raghavendra R. Hegde |access-date=2013-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208092636/http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/Textiles/Spunlace.htm |archive-date=2013-12-08 |url-status=dead }}
- {{Cite book|title = Handbook of Technical Textiles|last1 = Horrocks|first1 = Richard A.|last2 = Annex|first2 = Brian H.|publisher = Elsevier|year = 2000|isbn = 9781855738966 |pages = 150–151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBGkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 }}