ichthyotoxin

Ichthyotoxins are compounds which are either toxic to fish, or are toxins produced by fish. The former include the algae-produced euglenophycin and prymnesins, which can cause large-scale fish deaths. The latter includes ostracitoxin, produced by boxfish. Many toxin-producing algal species can be found both in marine and fresh water environments when the algae are in bloom. Ichthyotoxic poisoning in humans can cause symptoms ranging in severity dependent on how much toxin was consumed. The symptoms of an ichthyotoxin poisoning from fish venoms can include headache, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and drop in blood pressure.{{cite book|title=Dangerous fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula| vauthors = Jawad LA |date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319579269|location=Cham|language=English}}

Examples

The eggs of gar and the roe and eggs of several other fish species contain toxins.{{cite journal| vauthors = Ostrand KG, Thies ML, Hall DD, Carpenter M |date=1996|title=Gar ichthyotoxin: Its effect on natural predators and the toxin's evolutionary function|jstor=30055193|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|volume=41|issue=4|pages=375–377}} Toxin-producing algae include Prymnesium parvum.{{cite web|url=http://www2.bio.ku.dk/bibliotek/phd/Nikolaj%20Gedsted%20Andersen.pdf|title=Ichthyotoxic algae and their effects on fish| vauthors = Andersen N |date=2012}}

Anti-cancer research

= Euglonophycin =

It was discovered that euglonophycin, a euglenoid ichthyotoxin derived from Euglena sanguinea, displays anticancer activity.{{cite journal | vauthors = Zimba PV, Moeller PD, Beauchesne K, Lane HE, Triemer RE | title = Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids | journal = Toxicon | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 100–4 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19615398 | doi = 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.004 }} By sharing a similar chemical structure to solenopsin, an angiogenic inhibitor and alkaloid toxin derived from fire ant venom, euglonophycin has been studied for potential application in natural products and drug development for cancer therapy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kulczycka A, Łukomska-Kowalczyk M, Zakryś B, Milanowski R | title = PCR identification of toxic euglenid species Euglena sanguinea | journal = Journal of Applied Phycology | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 1759–1763 | date = 2018-06-01 | pmid = 29899599 | pmc = 5982438 | doi = 10.1007/s10811-017-1376-z }} Based on experimental studies, anti-cancer activity by euglonophycin was demonstrated in leukemia, neuroblastoma, and colorectal cancer cell lines.{{cite journal | vauthors = Wahome PG, Beauchesne KR, Pedone AC, Cavanagh J, Melander C, Zimba P, Moeller PD | title = Augmenting anti-cancer natural products with a small molecule adjuvant | journal = Marine Drugs | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–75 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25548974 | pmc = 4306925 | doi = 10.3390/md13010065 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Cabang AB, De Mukhopadhyay K, Meyers S, Morris J, Zimba PV, Wargovich MJ | title = Therapeutic effects of the euglenoid ichthyotoxin, euglenophycin, in colon cancer | journal = Oncotarget | volume = 8 | issue = 61 | pages = 104347–104358 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29262645 | pmc = 5732811 | doi = 10.18632/oncotarget.22238 }} Specifically, in colorectal cancer cells, euglenophycin exposure exhibited cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-inflammatory activity. It was determined that autophagic regulation and G1 cell cycle arrest contributes to euglenophycin's ability to inhibit colorectal cancer cell proliferation, prevent metastasis, and suppress tumour inflammation.

References

External links

{{Commons category-inline|Ichthyotoxins}}