il khan
{{Short description|Mongolian and Turkic ruler title}}
{{distinguish|Ilhan}}
{{for|a Turkish footballer|Emirhan İlkhan}}
Il Khan (also il-khan, ilkhan, elkhan, etc.),{{Cite book|last=Tyrrell|first=Maliheh S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4N_dneMybQC&pg=PA34|title=Aesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period, 1920-1990|date=2000|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0169-8|pages=34|language=en}} in Turkic languages and Mongolian, is a title of leadership. It combines the title khan with the prefix el/il, from the word ulus – 'tribe, clan', 'the people', 'nation', 'homeland', 'state', 'tribal union', etc.Древнетюркский словарь ({{ill|Ancient Turkic Dictionary|ru|ь}}), Leningrad, Nauka Publishers, 1969, pp. 168—169.
Meaning
The exact meaning depends on context:
- Khan of the nation. The earliest mention of a similar title in this meaning, namely "Illig Qaghan", refers to Bumin Qaghan and dates to 552 CE. (In fact, Nikolai Gumilyov transcribes Bumin's title as "ilkhan".)Гумилёв Л. Н. Древние тюрки. — СПб., 2002. — С. 113—115.
- More recently, the tribal chief that heads both branches of the Bakhtiari people, under whom several khans operate (20th century CE).{{Cite journal|last=Salzman|first=Philip C.|date=1967|title=Political Organization among Nomadic Peoples|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/986038|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=111|issue=2|pages=124–125|jstor=986038|issn=0003-049X}}
In the context of the Hulaguid dynasty, commonly known as the Ilkhanate, the title Ilkhan was borne by the descendants of Hulagu and later other Borjigin princes in Persia, starting from c. 1259-1265.{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Peter|title=The Mongols & the Islamic world : from conquest to conversion| year=2017|isbn=978-0-300-22728-4|location=New Haven|pages=138–139 |oclc=980348050}}, citing {{Cite book|last=Kolbas|first=Judith G. |title=The Mongols in Iran : Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220-1309|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7007-0667-4|location=London|at=172–4 and n. 168 at 189 |oclc=57344095}} for 1265, and {{Cite journal|last=Amitai|first=Reuven|title=Evidence for the Early Use of the Title Ilkhan among the Mongols|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|issue=3rd Ser., 1 |year=1991|volume=1 |pages= 353–362 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300001176|s2cid=162308410 |url=https://www.academia.edu/28597887}}, for 1259. Two interpretations have been proposed:
- 'submissive', 'peaceable', 'obedient', or 'subservient' khan, or 'polity prince'. Possibly equivalent to Chinese {{Lang|zh-latn|kuo-wang}}, and to Islamic sultan.{{Cite book|last=Allsen|first=Thomas T.| title=Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-511-01782-0|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=52611293|pages=21–22}} Here the lesser "khanship" intended to indicate the initial deference of Hulagu to Möngke Khan and his successor Great Khans of the Mongol Empire.
- Sovereign khan. From ilig khan. It was possibly equivalent to Chinese {{Lang|zh-latn|zhenming huangdi}} ('Emperor with a genuine mandate'). It was to be construed as a power over regional affairs, not in opposition to the Great Khan, yet not conferred by him.{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Peter|title=The Mongols & the Islamic world : from conquest to conversion| year=2017|isbn=978-0-300-22728-4|location=New Haven|pages=138–139 |oclc=980348050}}
In fiction
- In BattleTech, the IlKhan is the highest leader of The Clans.
See also
- Elbasy ('Head of the Nation')
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- {{Cite book|last=Doerfer|first=Gerhard|url=https://opendata.uni-halle.de//handle/1981185920/38353|title=Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen |volume=Bd 2. Türkische Elemente im Neupersischen : alif bis tā |date=1965|publisher=Steiner|doi=10.25673/38110 |at=[https://opendata.uni-halle.de/explore?bitstream_id=3be9fe0d-f663-4c8f-b874-8a9355c70ad9&handle=1981185920/34386&provider=iiif-image&multipart=true pp. 207-209] |language=de}}
Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership