incubation (ritual)
{{Short description|Sleeping in a sacred area}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
Incubation is the religious practice of sleeping in a sacred area with the intention of experiencing a divinely inspired dream or cure. Incubation was practised by many ancient cultures. In perhaps the most well known instance among the Hebrews, found in 1 Kings 3, Solomon went to Gibeon "because that was the most renowned high place to offer sacrifices." There "the {{smallcaps|Lord}} appeared to Solomon in a dream at night," and Solomon asked God for the gift of an understanding heart. Among the members of the cult of Asclepius, votive offerings found at ritual centres at Epidaurus, Pergamum, and Rome detail the perceived effectiveness of the method. Incubation was adopted by certain Christian sects{{cite book|author1=Averil Cameron|author1-link=Averil Cameron|editor1-last=Webster|editor1-first=Leslie|editor1-link=Leslie E. Webster|title=The Transformation of the Roman World, AD 400-900|date=1997|publisher=British Museum Press|location=London|page=98}} and is still used in a few Greek monasteries. Modern practices for influencing dream content by dream incubation use more research-driven techniques, but sometimes they incorporate elements reflecting ancient beliefs.
A form of incubation was also used by the iatromantes of the ancient Greeks. According to Peter Kingsley, iatromantis figures belonged to a wider Greek and Asian shamanic tradition with origins in Central Asia. A main ecstatic, meditative practice of these healer-prophets was incubation (ἐγκοίμησις, enkoimesis). More than just a medical technique, incubation reportedly allowed a human being to experience a fourth state of consciousness different from sleeping, dreaming, or ordinary waking: a state that Kingsley describes as “consciousness itself” and likens to the turiya or samādhi of the Indian yogic traditions.
References
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Further reading
- Edward Tick, PhD, The Practice of Dream Healing, Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 2001
- Peter Kingsley, In the Dark Places of Wisdom, Inverness, CA: Golden Sufi Center, 1999
- {{cite book |last=Renberg |first=Gil H. |title=Where Dreams May Come: Incubation Sanctuaries in the Greco-Roman World |year=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-29976-4 }}
- {{Cite journal|last=Burnett|first=Ongelle-Lise|date=2015|title=The Religion in Medicine: an exploration of healing through the examination of Asclepius and the Epidaurian Iamata|url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/prandium/article/view/25694|journal=Prandium: The Journal of Historical Studies at University of Toronto Mississauga|language=en|volume=4|issue=1}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Błaśkiewicz|first=Monika|date=2014-12-29|title=Articles: Healing dreams at Epidaurus. Analysis and interpretation of the Epidaurian iamata|journal=Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica|volume=15|issue=4|pages=54–69|doi=10.5604/20842937.1138963|issn=2084-2937|doi-access=free}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Klaniczay|first=Gábor|date=2010-06-30|title=Healing with Certain Conditions. The Pedagogy of Medieval Miracles|url=http://journals.openedition.org/crm/12009|journal=Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes|language=en|issue=19|pages=235–248|doi=10.4000/crm.12009|issn=2115-6360|doi-access=free}}
- {{Cite web|year=1998|title=Faith healing|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/faith-healing|access-date=2020-08-26|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}
- {{Cite book|last1=Cook|first1=John Manuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEs9AAAAIAAJ|title=The Sanctuary of Hemithea at Kastabos|last2=Plommer|first2=Hugh|date=1966|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}
- {{Cite journal|date=1910-06-18|title=Mental Healing|journal=Br Med J|language=en|publisher=British Medical Journal Publishing|volume=1|issue=2581|pages=1483–1497|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2581.1483|pmid=20765156|pmc=2331764|issn=0007-1447}}
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