information infrastructure

"Technological and non-technological elements that are linked" (Hanseth and Monteiro 1996).

"Information infrastructures can, as formative contexts, shape not only the work routines, but also the ways people look at practices, consider them 'natural' and give them their overarching character of necessity. Infrastructure becomes an essential factor shaping the taken-for-grantedness of organizational practices" (Ciborra and Hanseth 1998).

"The technological and human components, networks, systems, and processes that contribute to the functioning of the health information system" (Braa et al. 2007).

"The set of organizational practices, technical infrastructure and social norms that collectively provide for the smooth operation of scientific work at a distance (Edwards et al. 2007).

"A shared, evolving, heterogeneous installed base of IT capabilities developed on open and standardized interfaces" (Hanseth and Lyytinen 2008).

According to Star and Ruhleder, there are 8 dimensions of information infrastructures.

1. Embeddedness
2. Transparency
3. Reach or scope
4. Learned as part of membership
5. Links with conventions of practice
6. Embodiment of standards
7. Built on an installed base
8. Becomes visible upon breakdown{{cite journal|last=Star|first=Susan Leigh|author2=Karen Ruhleder|title=Steps Toward an Ecology of Infrastructure: Design and Access for Large Information Spaces|journal=Information Systems Research|date=March 1996|volume=7|issue=1|pages=111–134|doi=10.1287/isre.7.1.111|s2cid=10520480 }}

Presidential Chair and Professor of Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, Christine L. Borgman argues information infrastructures, like all infrastructures, are "subject to public policy".{{cite journal|last=Borgman|first=Christine L|title=The premise and promise of a Global Information Infrastructure|journal=First Monday |date=7 August 2000|volume=5|issue=8|doi=10.5210/fm.v5i8.784 |doi-access=free }} In the United States, public policy defines information infrastructures as the "physical and cyber-based systems essential to the minimum operations of the economy and government" and connected by information technologies.

Borgman says governments, businesses, communities, and individuals can work together to create a global information infrastructure which links "the world's telecommunication and computer networks together" and would enable the transmission of "every conceivable information and communication application."

Currently, the Internet is the default global information infrastructure.{{cite web|title=SearchCIO.com|url=http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/global-information-infrastructure|work=Global Information Infrastructure|publisher=SearchCIO.com|access-date=25 October 2011}}

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Telecommunications and Information Working Group (TEL) Program of Asian for Information and Communications Infrastructure.

Association of South East Asian Nations, e-ASEAN Framework Agreement of 2000.{{cite book|last=Soriano|first=Edwin S.|title=Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure|year=2003|publisher=e-ASEAN Task Force and UNDP-APDIP|pages=35–36|url=http://www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-nets.pdf}}

National Information Infrastructure Act of 1993 National Information Infrastructure (NII).

The National Research Council established CA*net in 1989 and the network connecting "all provincial nodes" was operational in 1990.{{cite book|last=Johnston|first=Donald B. Robert Fabian Keith L. Geurts Donald S. Hicks Andrew Huzar Norman D. Inkster Alan Jaffee Paul McLennan Douglas J. Nash E. Michael Power Mark Stirling|title=Critical Information Infrastructure Accountability in Canada|year=2004|publisher=Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada|location=Ottawa|isbn=978-0-662-38155-6|page=7|url=http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/collection_2008/ps-sp/PS48-7-2004E.pdf}}

The Canadian Network for the Advancement of Research, Industry and Education(CANARIE) was established in 1992 and CA*net was upgraded to a T1 connection in 1993 and T3 in 1995. By 2000, "the commercial basis for Canada's information infrastructure" was established, and the government ended its role in the project.

In 1994, the European Union proposed the European Information Infrastructure.: European Information Infrastructure has evolved furthermore thanks to Martin Bangemann report and projects eEurope 2003+, eEurope 2005 and iIniciaive 2010.JUHÁSZ, Lilla. The information strategy of the European Union. In: PINTÉR, Róbert (Eds.). Information Society: From Theory to Political Practice. Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó, 2008, s. 132.

In 1995, American Vice President Al Gore asked USAID to help improve Africa's connection to the global information infrastructure.{{cite web|title=USAID|url=http://www.usaid.gov/leland/chrono.htm|work=USAID Leland Initiative: Leland Activity Update|publisher=USAID|access-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029043007/http://www.usaid.gov/leland/chrono.htm|archive-date=29 October 2011|url-status=dead}}

The [https://web.archive.org/web/20011109164754/http://www.usaid.gov/leland/ USAID Leland Initiative (LI)] was designed from June to September 1995, and implemented in on 29 September 1995. The Initiative was "a five-year $15 million US Government effort to support sustainable development" by bringing "full Internet connectivity" to approximately 20 African nations.{{cite web|title=USAID Leland Initiative|url=http://www.usaid.gov/leland/project.htm|work=Leland Initiative: Africa GII Gateway Project Project Description & Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=USAID|access-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029043209/http://www.usaid.gov/leland/project.htm|archive-date=29 October 2011|url-status=dead}}

The initiative had three strategic objectives:

1. Creating and Enabling Policy Environment – to "reduce barriers to open connectivity".
2. Creating Sustainable Supply of Internet Services – help build the hardware and industry need for "full Internet connectivity".
3. Enhancing Internet Use for Sustainable Development – improve the ability of African nations to use these infrastructures.

• Data infrastructure
• Information science
• IT infrastructure

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal|last=Bowker|first=Geoffrey C|title=The history of information infrastructures: The case of the international classification of diseases|journal=Information Processing & Management|year=1996|volume=32|issue=1|pages=49–61|doi=10.1016/0306-4573(95)00049-M}}
• {{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Nathan R.|title=Information Infrastructure as Rhetoric:Tools for Analysis|journal=Poroi|year=2012|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–3 |doi=10.13008/2151-2957.1113|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Nathan R.|title=Enhancing the Epistemological Project in the Rhetoric of Science: Information Infrastructure as Tool for Identifying Epistemological Commitments in Scientific and Technical Communities|journal=Poroi|year=2014|volume=10|issue=2|pages=1–18 |doi=10.13008/2151-2957.1202|doi-access=free}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20011109164754/http://www.usaid.gov/leland/ USAID Leland Initiative]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19981203085156/http://www.aseansec.org/ ASEAN]}}
• [http://www.apec.org/ APEC]

Category:Telecommunications infrastructure

Category:IT infrastructure