insect trap

{{short description|Device used to monitor or reduce insect populations}}

File:An insect trap mounted onto a pick-up truck - ZooKeys-235-041-g003.jpeg species.]]

Insect traps are used to monitor or directly reduce populations of insects or other arthropods, by trapping individuals and killing them. They typically use food, visual lures, chemical attractants and pheromones as bait and are installed so that they do not injure other animals or humans or result in residues in foods or feeds. Visual lures use light, bright colors and shapes to attract pests. Chemical attractants or pheromones may attract only a specific sex. Insect traps are sometimes used in pest management programs instead of pesticides but are more often used to look at seasonal and distributional patterns of pest occurrence. This information may then be used in other pest management approaches.

The trap mechanism or bait can vary widely. Flies and wasps are attracted by proteins. Mosquitoes and many other insects are attracted by bright colors, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, floral or fruity fragrances, warmth, moisture and pheromones. Synthetic attractants like methyl eugenol are very effective with tephritid flies.

Trap types

Insect traps vary widely in shape, size, and construction, often reflecting the behavior or ecology of the target species. Some common varieties are described below

= Light traps =

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Light traps, with or without ultraviolet light, attract certain insects. Light sources may include fluorescent lamps, mercury-vapor lamps, black lights,{{cite book|author=Nancy D. Epsky |author2=Wendell L. Morrill |author3=Richard W. Mankin |chapter=Traps for Capturing Insects|editor=Capinera, John L.|title=Encyclopedia of Entomology|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1|pages=3887–3901|chapter-url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/person/3559/publications/traps-08-epskymorrillmankin.pdf}} or light-emitting diodes.

{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=B.|last2=Baker|first2=E.|title=NightLife: A cheap, robust, LED based light trap for collecting aquatic insects in remote areas .|journal=Biodiversity Data Journal |year=2016|volume=4|issue=e7648|pages=1–18|doi=10.3897/BDJ.4.e7648|pmid=27099554|pmc=4822069 |doi-access=free }} Designs differ according to the behavior of the insects being targeted.

Light traps are widely used to survey nocturnal moths. Total species richness and abundance of trapped moths may be influenced by several factors such as night temperature, humidity and lamp type.Jonason, Franzén and Ranius (2014) Surveying Moths Using Light Traps: Effects of Weather and Time of Year. PLoS ONE, 9, e92453.

Grasshoppers and some beetles are attracted to lights at a long range but are repelled by it at short range. Farrow's light trap has a large base so that it captures insects that may otherwise fly away from regular light traps.{{cite journal|last=Farrow|first=R. A.|title=A modified light-trap for obtaining large samples of night-flying locusts and grasshoppers|journal=Australian Journal of Entomology|year=1974|volume=13|issue=4|pages=357–360|doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.1974.tb02214.x}}{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=H. S.|title=On the behaviour of night-flying insects in the neighbourhood of a bright source of light.|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London A|year=1952|volume=27|issue=1–3|pages=13–21|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3032.1952.tb00139.x}} Light traps can attract flying and terrestrial insects, and lights may be combined with other methods described below.

=Adhesive traps =

Sticky traps may be simple flat panels or enclosed structures, often baited, that ensnare insects with an adhesive substance. Baitless ones are nicknamed "blunder" traps, as pests might blunder into them while wandering or exploring.{{cite book|last=Harmon|first=James D.|title=Integrated Pest Management in Museum, Library, and Archival Facilities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fS3iAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Harmon Preservation Pest Management|page=78|isbn=978-0-9638161-0-8|quote= They have earned the nickname "blunder traps" because the insects blunder into them and get stuck. Blunder traps are good for monitoring ingress of crawling pests into a room or building.}}

Sticky traps are widely used in agricultural and indoor pest monitoring.{{cite web| title= What is a sticky trap? | url=http://citybugs.tamu.edu/factsheets/ipm/what-is-a-sticky-trap/| access-date= January 26, 2015}} Shelter traps, or artificial cover traps, take advantage of an insect's tendencies to seek shelter in loose bark, crevices, or other sheltered places.{{cite book|last=Robert Arnold Wardle, Philip Buckle|title=The Principles of Insect Control|year=1929|publisher=Manchester University Press|page=212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BMNAQAAIAAJ&q=%22shelter+trap%22+insects&pg=PA212}}

Baited shelter traps such "Roach Motels" and similar enclosures often have adhesive material inside to trap insects.

= Flying insect traps =

These traps are designed to catch flying or wind-blown insects.

Image:InsectTrap.JPG

Flight interception traps are net-like or transparent structures that impede flying insects and funnel them into collecting. Barrier traps consist of a simple vertical sheet or wall that channels insects down into collection containers. The Malaise trap, a more complex type, is a mesh tent-like trap that captures insects that tend to fly up rather than down when impeded.

Pan traps (also called water pan traps) are simple shallow dishes filled with a soapy water or a preservative and killing agent such as antifreeze. Pan traps are used to monitor aphids, wasps, and some other small insects. Pan traps are often yellow, but different colors including blue, white, red, and clear can be used to target different species.{{Cite journal|last1=Buffington|first1=Matthew L.|last2=Garretson|first2=Alexis|last3=Kula|first3=Robert R.|last4=Gates|first4=Michael W.|last5=Carpenter|first5=Ryan|last6=Smith|first6=David R.|last7=Kula|first7=Abigail A. R.|title=Pan trap color preference across Hymenoptera in a forest clearing|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eea.13008|journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata|year=2021|volume=169|issue=3|pages=298–311|language=en|doi=10.1111/eea.13008|bibcode=2021EEApp.169..298B |s2cid=231929465|issn=1570-7458|url-access=subscription}}

Bucket traps and bottle traps, often supplemented with a funnel, are inexpensive versions that use a bait or attractant to lure insects into a bucket or bottle filled with soapy water or antifreeze. Many types of moth traps are bucket-type traps. Bottle traps are widely used, often used to sample wasp or pest beetle populations.

= Terrestrial arthropod traps =

File:Conical shaped roach trap - DPLA - d9c85a2cccc6f3ffb29d62025dfb69a0.jpg

Pitfall traps are used for ground-foraging and flightless arthropods such as Carabid beetles and spiders. Pitfall traps consist of a bucket or container buried in soil or other substrate so that its lip is flush with the substrate.

A grain probe is a type of trap used to monitor pests of stored grain, consisting of a long cylindrical tube with multiple holes along its length that can be inserted at various depths within grain.

Soil emergence traps, consisting of an inverted cone or funnel with collecting jar on top, are employed to capture insects with a subterranean pupal stage. Emergence traps have been used to monitor important disease-vectors such as Phlebotomine sandflies.{{cite journal|last=Casanova|first=Cláudio|title=A soil emergence trap for collections of phlebotomine sand flies|journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz|year=2001|volume=96|issue=2|pages=273–275|doi=10.1590/S0074-02762001000200023|pmid=11285509|doi-access=free}}

File:Emergenzfalle Westhavelland.jpg

= Aquatic arthropod traps =

Aquatic interception traps typically involve mesh funnels or conical structures that guide insects into a jar or bottle for collecting.

Aquatic emergence traps are cage-like or tent-like structures used to capture aquatic insects such as chironomids, caddisflies, mosquitoes, and odonates upon their transition from aquatic nymphs or pupae to terrestrial adults. Aquatic emergence traps may be free floating on the water's surface, submerged, or attached to a post near shore.{{cite book|last=Davies|first=I. J.|title=A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in Fresh Water|year=1984|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford|pages=161–227|chapter-url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~downing/tier%202/jadpdfs/1984%20IBP%2017%20Chapter%206%20Emergence.pdf|editor=J.A. Downing|editor2=F.H. Rigler|chapter=Sampling Aquatic Insect Emergence|access-date=2014-01-16|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083251/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~downing/tier%202/jadpdfs/1984%20IBP%2017%20Chapter%206%20Emergence.pdf}}