insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria

File:Biafra independent state map-en.svg (light brown) attempted to separate from the rest of Nigeria (dark brown) during the Nigerian Civil War. ]]

In 1967, separatists in Nigeria's southeast declared the formation of the independent state of Biafra. The subsequent Nigerian Civil War lasted two and a half years, led to over a million dead, and ended with the defeat of Biafra. Over the following decades, Nigeria continued to suffer from regional instability and revolts, but Biafra separatism was mostly dormant until the 2000s.{{cite web| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34911465| title = Letter from Africa: Should new calls for Biafra worry Nigerians?| author = Mannir Dan Ali| website = BBC| date = 30 November 2015| access-date = 12 March 2021| archive-date = 4 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210504070833/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34911465| url-status = live}}{{cite web| url = https://www.dw.com/en/nigerian-army-reshuffle-security-crisis/a-56362452| title = Nigerian military reshuffle belies serious security concerns| author1 = Cai Nebe| author2 = Muhammad Bello| website = DW| date = 27 January 2021| access-date = 12 March 2021| archive-date = 14 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210214064306/https://www.dw.com/en/nigerian-army-reshuffle-security-crisis/a-56362452| url-status = live}} Some Niger Delta communities such as the Ijaw people even integrated anti-Biafran sentiment into their own popular narratives, as they had mostly sided with the central government during the Nigerian Civil War.{{cite web| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228633160| title =Heroes and Villains: Ijaw Nationalist Narratives of the Nigerian Civil War |author=Kathryn Nwajiaku-Dahou | work = Africa development. Afrique et développement | date = 2009 | access-date = 18 March 2021}}

From the 1990s, a growing number of people in southeastern Nigeria such as Igbo and Niger Delta natives felt marginalized by the Nigerian central government. This resulted in the violent conflict in the Niger Delta, and previously anti-Biafran communities such as Ijaw began to reevaluate their commitment to Nigeria. Coupled with disaffection among the youth due to high unemployment, this contributed to a resurgence of Biafran nationalism in the entire southeast. While most of the local political leadership distanced themselves from separatism, radical Biafran nationalists organized in the secessionist group IPOB. Other hardline Biafran groups included the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB),[https://thenationonlineng.net/biafra-uwazuruike-massob-back-asari-dokubo/ Biafra: Uwazuruike, MASSOB back Asari-Dokubo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406163637/https://thenationonlineng.net/biafra-uwazuruike-massob-back-asari-dokubo/ |date=6 April 2021 }}, The Nation, 18 March 2021. Accessed 20 March 2021. the Biafra Nations League (BNL; initially known as Biafra Nations Youth League / BNYL),{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/11/07/rivers-killings-biafra-group-attacks-nnamdi-kanu-for-demanding-gov-wikes-capture/|title=Rivers killings: Biafra group attacks Nnamdi Kanu for demanding Gov Wike's capture|first=John Owen|last=Nwachukwu|date=7 November 2020|access-date=11 April 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411111547/https://dailypost.ng/2020/11/07/rivers-killings-biafra-group-attacks-nnamdi-kanu-for-demanding-gov-wikes-capture/|url-status=live}} and the Biafran National Guard (BNG). The latter already declared war on the Nigerian Army in 2017.{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2017/09/15/biafra-national-guard-blasts-buhari-charges-igbos-fight-nigerian-army/| title = Biafra National Guard blasts Buhari, charges Igbos to fight Nigerian Army| author = John Wale Odunsi| work = Daily Post| date = 15 September 2017| access-date = 24 August 2021| archive-date = 24 August 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210824182106/https://dailypost.ng/2017/09/15/biafra-national-guard-blasts-buhari-charges-igbos-fight-nigerian-army/| url-status = live}}

At the same time, Nigerians became disaffected as the central government failed to suppress the destructive Boko Haram insurgency as well as banditry in the north, while the Nigerian security forces faced accusations of corruption, ineffectiveness, and abuse. Journalists Cai Nebe and Muhammad Bello argued that "swathes of Nigeria remain near-ungovernable" as of Muhammadu Buhari's second presidency. Tensions in the southeast continued to rise after the local economy, heavily dependent on exporting oil, suffered under worldwide low oil prices. By 2020, IPOB had managed to rally substantial following to its cause, although polls showcased that Biafran separatism was not widely supported in the southeast. Non-IPOB groups also began to support separatism such as the Niger Delta People's Salvation Force led by "warlord" Asari-Dokubo. However, there were tensions within the Biafran separatist movement, with Kanu having been accused of intolerance toward non-Jews. The IPOB leader self-identifies as Jew and claims that Judaism is the Igbo's traditional religion.{{cite web | url = http://saharareporters.com/2021/06/15/biafra-struggle-how-nnamdi-kanu-asari-dokubo-fell-out | title = Biafra Struggle: How Nnamdi Kanu, Asari Dokubo Fell Out | author = | work = Sahara Reporters | date = 15 June 2021 | access-date = 22 June 2021 | archive-date = 19 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210619144813/http://saharareporters.com/2021/06/15/biafra-struggle-how-nnamdi-kanu-asari-dokubo-fell-out | url-status = live }}

In August 2020, Nigerian police forces went to an IPOB meeting in Enugu and executed 21 unarmed IPOB members with two police officers dead. Both sides accused the other of firing the first shot.[https://observers.france24.com/en/20200826-nigeria-clashes-security-forces-biafra-separatists Nigeria: New clashes after security forces break up meeting of Biafran separatists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202043332/https://observers.france24.com/en/20200826-nigeria-clashes-security-forces-biafra-separatists |date=2 February 2021 }}, France24, 26 August 2020. Accessed 30 August 2020. Following the incident, IPOB pledged to retaliate and called on its members to start practicing self-defense.[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/no-meeting-in-enugu-for-now-we-will-retaliate-ipob/ No meeting in Enugu for now, we will retaliate — IPOB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209175159/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/no-meeting-in-enugu-for-now-we-will-retaliate-ipob/ |date=9 February 2021 }}, Vanguard, 24 August 2020. Accessed 27 August 2020. In late-September, at least two Nigerian soldiers were killed during clashes with unidentified gunmen in Enugu; however, IPOB denied any involvement, announcing that "we are not armed and have no plans to pick up arms."[https://allafrica.com/stories/202009280226.html Nigeria: IPOB Denies Responsibility for Attacks On Security Agents in Southeast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208011336/https://allafrica.com/stories/202009280226.html |date=8 February 2021 }}, AllAfrica, 27 September 2020. Accessed 28 September 2020.

On 12 December 2020, Kanu announced the formation of the ESN to protect Igbos against Fulani raiders. Unwilling to countenance the formation of a non-state-sanctioned paramilitary organization on its territory, the Nigerian government deployed the army to locate ESN camps two weeks later.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/22/nigerian-soldiers-resigned-join-kanu%E2%80%99s-eastern-network-%E2%80%93-military-sources Nigerian Soldiers Resigned To Join Kanu's Eastern Network – Military Sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125145035/http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/22/nigerian-soldiers-resigned-join-kanu%E2%80%99s-eastern-network-%E2%80%93-military-sources |date=25 January 2021 }}, Sahara Reporters, 22 January 2021. Accessed 22 January 2021.

On 16 January, Nigerian police attacked the ESN in their camp. However, the attack was repulsed by the militia.{{Cite web |date=2021-01-16 |title=Police Abandon Vehicles And Flee, As They Clash With ESN In Orlu |url=https://theajm.news.blog/2021/01/16/police-abandon-vehicles-and-flee-as-they-clash-with-esn-in-orlu/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=AJM NEWS |language=en-GB}} On 22 January 2021, Nigerian soldiers invaded Orlu to search for ESN operatives. Eight buildings were burnt and one person was killed in the ensuing events.[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/eastern-security-network-over-8-buildings-including-church-allegedly-burnt-one-feared-dead-in-imo/ Eastern Security Network: Over 8 buildings including church allegedly burnt, one feared dead in Imo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129112621/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/eastern-security-network-over-8-buildings-including-church-allegedly-burnt-one-feared-dead-in-imo/ |date=29 January 2021 }}, Vanguard, 25 January 2021. Accessed 25 January 2021. Security forces re-invaded the area three days later, clashing with the ESN and killing at least five people[http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/25/soldiers-invade-ipob-eastern-security-network%E2%80%99s-operational-base-kill-five-burn-church Soldiers Invade IPOB Eastern Security Network's Operational Base, Kill Five, Burn Church, Others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130041014/http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/25/soldiers-invade-ipob-eastern-security-network%E2%80%99s-operational-base-kill-five-burn-church |date=30 January 2021 }}, SaharaReporters, 25 January 2021. Accessed 25 January 2021. before being repulsed by the ESN. Four Nigerian soldiers were killed in the fighting.[https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/55781291 Orlu killing: Imo State Eastern Security Network (ESN) crisis kill four soldiers – Police, Nnamdi Kanu react] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127003301/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/55781291 |date=27 January 2021 }}, BBC, 26 January 2021. Accessed 26 January 2021. The Nigerian Army withdrew, and in the following days, Nigerian Air Force planes and helicopters were deployed to search for ESN operatives in and around Orlu.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/27/military-jet-combs-orlu-communities-esn-operatives-after-failed-land-combat Military Jet Combs Orlu Communities For ESN Operatives After Failed Land Combat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129090651/http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/27/military-jet-combs-orlu-communities-esn-operatives-after-failed-land-combat |date=29 January 2021 }}, Sahara Reporters, 27 January 2021. Accessed 28 January 2021.

File:Nnamdi Kanu.png (pictured 2021) declared the Eastern Security Network's withdrawal from Orlu on 28 January 2021. ]]

On 28 January, more than 400 Nigerian soldiers were deployed to oust the ESN[https://dailypost.ng/2021/01/28/tension-heightens-in-orlu-as-nigerian-govt-deploys-over-400-soldiers/ Tension heightens in Orlu as Nigerian govt deploys over 400 soldiers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128140453/https://dailypost.ng/2021/01/28/tension-heightens-in-orlu-as-nigerian-govt-deploys-over-400-soldiers/ |date=28 January 2021 }}, Daily Post, 28 January 2021. Accessed 28 January 2021. and the authorities declared a curfew which was brutally enforced. The curfew and the anticipation of imminent heavy fighting caused civilians to flee the city en masse.[https://thenationonlineng.net/orlu-on-standstill-as-residents-desert-town/ Orlu on standstill as residents desert town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128110707/https://thenationonlineng.net/orlu-on-standstill-as-residents-desert-town/ |date=28 January 2021 }}, The Nation, 28 January 2021. Accessed 28 January 2021. Later on the same day, Nnamdi Kanu declared a unilateral ceasefire and ordered the ESN withdraw from Orlu[http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/28/imo-clash-nnamdi-kanu-orders-esn-operatives-cease-fire-return-forests Imo Clash: Nnamdi Kanu Orders ESN Operatives To Cease Fire, Return To Forests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128132434/http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/28/imo-clash-nnamdi-kanu-orders-esn-operatives-cease-fire-return-forests |date=28 January 2021 }}, Sahara Reporters, 28 January 2021. Accessed 28 January 2021. to focus on Fulani raiders instead. Kanu claimed that this decision was based on intelligence information that revealed that the army and the police had agreed to withdraw from Orlu also.[https://dailypost.ng/2021/01/28/orlu-nnamdi-kanu-orders-esn-to-ceasefire-against-army-watchful-of-fulani-herdsmen/ Orlu: Nnamdi Kanu orders ESN to ceasefire against Army, watchful of Fulani herdsmen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128192048/https://dailypost.ng/2021/01/28/orlu-nnamdi-kanu-orders-esn-to-ceasefire-against-army-watchful-of-fulani-herdsmen/ |date=28 January 2021 }}, Daily Post, 28 January 2021. Accessed 28 January 2021.

During the fighting, police officers of the Imo State Police were caught on video flogging civilians, possibly as punishment for curfew violations. After the ceasefire, at least ten police officers were arrested, and Commissioner of Police Nasiru Mohammed condemned their behavior.

Days after the Orlu Crisis, IPOB gave all the governors of southeast Nigeria 14 days to ban open grazing, threatening to deploy the ESN to enforce a ban if the authorities did not do so.[https://thenationonlineng.net/ipob-gives-southeast-governors-14-days-ultimatum-to-ban-open-grazing/ IPOB gives Southeast governors 14 days ultimatum to ban open grazing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130042254/https://thenationonlineng.net/ipob-gives-southeast-governors-14-days-ultimatum-to-ban-open-grazing/ |date=30 January 2021 }}, The Nation, 30 January 2021. Accessed 30 January 2021. However, the ESN did not wait 14 days; a few days later, ESN operatives attacked a Fulani camp in Isuikwuato, Abia State, killing their livestock and burning down their houses.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/31/herdsmen-flee-ipob%E2%80%99s-eastern-security-network-invades-fulani-camp-abia-kills-many-cows Herdsmen Flee As IPOB's Eastern Security Network Invades Fulani Camp In Abia, Kills Many Cows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226185423/http://saharareporters.com/2021/01/31/herdsmen-flee-ipob%E2%80%99s-eastern-security-network-invades-fulani-camp-abia-kills-many-cows |date=26 February 2021 }}, Sahara Reporters, 31 January 2021. Accessed 1 February 2021. Following the raid, some governors responded by heeding the ESN's call and banning open grazing.[https://thenationonlineng.net/ipob-hails-southeast-governors-ban-on-open-grazing/ IPOB hails Southeast Governors’ ban on open grazing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304022724/https://thenationonlineng.net/ipob-hails-southeast-governors-ban-on-open-grazing/ |date=4 March 2021 }}, The Nation, 2 February 2021. Accessed 2 February 2021.

At some point in mid-February, the Nigerian Army 34 Artillery Brigade launched an operation to find ESN camps around Orlu and Orsu. The Nigerian Army also reinforced Orlu, deploying military helicopters to the city.[https://punchng.com/esn-army-deploys-soldiers-helicopters-in-orlu/ ESN: Army deploys soldiers, helicopters in Orlu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218173456/https://punchng.com/esn-army-deploys-soldiers-helicopters-in-orlu/ |date=18 February 2021 }}, Punch, 18 February 2021. Accessed 18 February 2021. Hostilities were renewed on 18 February, when the Nigerian Army and the ESN fought a gun battle in the forest outside Orlu[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/orlu-soldiers-esn-members-in-gun-battle/ Orlu : soldiers, ESN members in gun battle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218155143/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/orlu-soldiers-esn-members-in-gun-battle/ |date=18 February 2021 }}, Vanguard, 18 February 2021. Accessed 18 February 2021. while the Nigerian Air Force conducted air strikes in the area.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/02/18/tension-nigerian-military-conducts-air-strikes-orlu-search-esn Tension As Nigerian Military Conducts Air Strikes In Orlu In Search Of ESN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218195455/http://saharareporters.com/2021/02/18/tension-nigerian-military-conducts-air-strikes-orlu-search-esn |date=18 February 2021 }}, Sahara Reporters, 18 February 2021. Accessed 18 February 2021. A day into the fighting, the confrontation had spread to Ihiala, Anambra State.[https://www.sunnewsonline.com/heavy-gunfire-in-anambra-imo-communities-as-military-engages-ipobs-esn/ Heavy gunfire in Anambra, Imo communities as military engages IPOB's ESN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218231339/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/heavy-gunfire-in-anambra-imo-communities-as-military-engages-ipobs-esn/ |date=18 February 2021 }}, The Sun, 19 February 2021. Accessed Sun 19, 2021. Nigerian forces captured an ESN base in the village of Udah outside Orsu on 21 February.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/02/22/joint-security-team-sacks-ipob-security-network-imo-forest Joint Security Team Sacks IPOB Security Network From Imo Forest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222123703/http://saharareporters.com/2021/02/22/joint-security-team-sacks-ipob-security-network-imo-forest |date=22 February 2021 }}, Sahara Reporters, 22 February 2021. Accessed 22 February 2021. The Nigerian Army 82 division also arrested 20 suspected IPOB members and confiscated their weapons.[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/breaking-troops-arrest-20-ipob-members-recover-arms-hand-them-to-police/ Breaking: Troops arrest 20 IPOB members, recover arms, hand them to Police] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222123917/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/breaking-troops-arrest-20-ipob-members-recover-arms-hand-them-to-police/ |date=22 February 2021 }}, Vanguard, 22 February 2021. Accessed 22 February 2021.

The same day as hostilities were renewed, IPOB said that the military deployment constituted a "declaration of war against the Igbos" and accused the Nigerian government of planning a "final solution to the Biafran question". The group declared that Nigeria had "crossed the line of no return" and that Igbos now had no choice but defend themselves.[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/443700-flying-military-helicopter-over-imo-community-declaration-of-war-ipob.html Flying military helicopter over Imo community ‘declaration of war’ – IPOB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218173424/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/443700-flying-military-helicopter-over-imo-community-declaration-of-war-ipob.html |date=18 February 2021 }}, Premium Times Nigeria, 18 February 2021. Accessed 18 February 2021. The next day, IPOB declared that the "second Nigeria/Biafra war" had begun on 18 February, and that unlike in the 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, Biafra would win.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/02/19/second-nigeriabiafra-war-has-just-started-we-will-defend-our-land-%E2%80%94-ipob Second Nigeria/Biafra War Has Just Started But We Will Defend Our Land — IPOB ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102092634/https://saharareporters.com/2021/02/19/second-nigeriabiafra-war-has-just-started-we-will-defend-our-land-%E2%80%94-ipob |date=2 November 2022 }}, Sahara Reports, 19 February 2021. Accessed 20 February 2021.

Within a few days, the danger of spillover into other parts of the former East Region became evident. In response to the Nigerian military operation in and around Orlu,[https://dailypost.ng/2021/02/20/imo-biafra-group-issues-threat-over-military-raid-uzodinmas-comments-on-ipob-esn/ Imo: Biafra group issues threat over military raid, Uzodinma's comments on IPOB, ESN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221221334/https://dailypost.ng/2021/02/20/imo-biafra-group-issues-threat-over-military-raid-uzodinmas-comments-on-ipob-esn/ |date=21 February 2021 }}, Daily Post, 20 February 2021. Accessed 24 February 2021. the Biafra Nations League threatened to attack all oil installations in Bakassi. In Aguata, Anambra State, suspected Biafran separatists killed four policemen at a checkpoint and took off with their weapons on 24 February.[https://thenationonlineng.net/gunmen-kill-four-policemen-at-checkpoint-in-anambra/ Gunmen kill four policemen at checkpoint in Anambra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225181604/https://thenationonlineng.net/gunmen-kill-four-policemen-at-checkpoint-in-anambra/ |date=25 February 2021 }}, The Nation, 24 February 2021. Accessed 24 February 2021. Another four policemen were killed in Calabar the next day.[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/445845-four-police-officers-killed-in-calabar-official.html Four police officers killed in Calabar – Official] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228120641/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/445845-four-police-officers-killed-in-calabar-official.html |date=28 February 2021 }}, Premium Times, 28 February 2021. Accessed 28 February 2021. On 26 February, a police station was attacked in Aboh Mbaise, Imo State.[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/445420-gunmen-raze-another-police-station-in-nigerias-south-east.html Gunmen raze another police station in Nigeria’s South-east] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226141943/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/445420-gunmen-raze-another-police-station-in-nigerias-south-east.html |date=26 February 2021 }}, Premium Times, 26 February 2021. Accessed 26 February 2021. On 3 March, gunmen killed two policemen in Cross River State.[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/446501-breaking-again-gunmen-kill-two-police-officers-in-cross-river.html BREAKING: Again, gunmen kill two police officers in Cross River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102092634/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/446501-breaking-again-gunmen-kill-two-police-officers-in-cross-river.html |date=2 November 2022 }}, Premium Times, 3 March 2021. Accessed 3 March 2021.

The attacks were condemned by the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra. MASSOB also condemned Imo State Governor Hope Uzodinma for inviting the Nigerian Army.[https://punchng.com/massob-berates-uzodimma-condemns-attack-on-abia-police-station/ MASSOB berates Uzodimma, condemns attack on Abia police station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225014045/https://punchng.com/massob-berates-uzodimma-condemns-attack-on-abia-police-station/ |date=25 February 2021 }}, The Punch, 25 February 2021. Accessed 25 February 2021.

File:NigerDeltaStates.png located in the Niger Delta. ]]

Local authorities blamed the ESN and IPOB for many attacks on police stations, some of which preceded the Orlu Crisis. The Police Commissioner of Delta State alleged that IPOB elements had crossed the Niger River to infiltrate the state. To prevent such infiltrations, the Nigerian Navy started patrolling the river.[https://thenationonlineng.net/28-policemen-killed-in-three-months/ 28 policemen killed in three months] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301095335/https://thenationonlineng.net/28-policemen-killed-in-three-months/ |date=1 March 2021 }}, The Nation, 1 March 2021. Accessed 1 March 2021. In early March, IPOB threatened to deploy the ESN to Benue State to protect Igbos against Fulani raiders; this came after the killings of IPOB activists by armed Fulani.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/03/05/protect-igbo-communities-benue-or-esn-will-move-ipob-tells-governor-ortom Protect Igbo Communities In Benue Or ESN Will Move In, IPOB Tells Governor Ortom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305150301/http://saharareporters.com/2021/03/05/protect-igbo-communities-benue-or-esn-will-move-ipob-tells-governor-ortom |date=5 March 2021 }}, Sahara Reporters, 5 March 2021. Accessed 5 March 2021. Days later, Nnamdi Kanu declared that the ESN had captured a prominent Fulani bandit leader named Mohammed Isa in Benue State.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/03/08/esn-has-captured-notorious-fulani-bandits-leader-terrorising-benue-others-mohammed-isa- ESN Has Captured Notorious Fulani Bandits' Leader Terrorising Benue, Others, Mohammed Isa —Nnamdi Kanu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309022609/http://saharareporters.com/2021/03/08/esn-has-captured-notorious-fulani-bandits-leader-terrorising-benue-others-mohammed-isa- |date=9 March 2021 }}, Sahara Reporters, 8 March 2021. Accessed 8 March 2021.

In mid-March, the leader of the Niger Delta People's Salvation Force, Asari-Dokubo, declared the formation of the Biafra Customary Government (BCG). The BCG was intended as the first step of establishing a de facto government for an independent State of Biafra. Dokubo stated that Biafra would not go to war, but that it would go through with secession from Nigeria.[https://www.thecable.ng/nobody-can-stop-us-asari-dokubo-announces-formation-of-biafra-government ‘Nobody can stop us’ — Asari Dokubo declares Biafra government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322013119/https://www.thecable.ng/nobody-can-stop-us-asari-dokubo-announces-formation-of-biafra-government |date=22 March 2021 }}, The Cable, 14 March 2021. Accessed 15 March 2021. IPOB soon threw its support behind the BCG, declaring that it would support any Biafran independence movement.[https://thenationonlineng.net/ipob-backs-dokubos-declaration-of-biafra/ IPOB backs Dokubo’s declaration of Biafra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320130616/https://thenationonlineng.net/ipob-backs-dokubos-declaration-of-biafra/ |date=20 March 2021 }}, The Nation, 18 March 2021. Accessed 18 March 2021. A few days later, the MASSOB led by Ralph Uwazuruike, endorsed the BCG. However, Asari-Dokubo and Nnamdi Kanu had previously quarrelled with each other, and the rivalry continued after the BCG's formation, especially after some IPOB leaders had officially switched allegiance to the BCG. Internationally, IPOB gained the support of the Ambazonia Governing Council (AGovC), an Ambazonian separatist movement led by Ayaba Cho Lucas and with its own armed wing, the Ambazonia Defence Forces (ADF). In April, IPOB and AGovC moved towards a formal alliance.{{cite news | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/breaking-nnamdi-kanu-ambazonia-leader-to-address-joint-world-press-conference-april-9/ | title=BREAKING: Nnamdi Kanu, Ambazonia leader to address joint world press conference April 9 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009164256/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/breaking-nnamdi-kanu-ambazonia-leader-to-address-joint-world-press-conference-april-9/ |archivedate=9 October 2021 | newspaper=Vanguard | date=5 April 2021 | accessdate=7 April 2021}} This move was not unprecedented, as the BNL/BNYL had already openly aligned itself with Ambazonian separatists in 2017.{{cite news |title=Southern Cameroun joins IPOB in Biafra struggle |date=18 April 2017 |website=Sun News Online |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/southern-cameroun-joins-ipob-in-biafra-struggle/ |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410231505/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/southern-cameroun-joins-ipob-in-biafra-struggle/ |url-status=live }}

While separatist movements formed a unified front, militants escalated the war. Soon after the formation of the BCG, the BNL declared that it had taken control over "creeks and bushes" in the Bakassi Peninsula, and threatened to hijack any oil vessels coming from there. On 19 March, gunmen attacked a prison and a police station in Ekwulobia, releasing several prisoners and killing two policemen and two prison officials, but failing to burn down the police station. IPOB denied any involvement.[https://thenationonlineng.net/gunmen-kill-two-policemen-two-prison-warders-in-anambra/ Gunmen kill two policemen, two prison warders in Anambra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320035206/https://thenationonlineng.net/gunmen-kill-two-policemen-two-prison-warders-in-anambra/ |date=20 March 2021 }}, The Nation, 20 March 2021. Accessed 20 March 2021.

On 15 March, the ESN invaded Eleme to expel Fulani herders. A week into the ESN offensive, Fulani raiders invaded Agbonchia and committed atrocities against the civilian population.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/03/22/esn-operatives-storm-rivers-community-full-force-evict-fulani-herdsmen ESN Operatives Storm Rivers Community In Full Force To Evict Fulani Herdsmen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102092634/https://saharareporters.com/2021/03/22/esn-operatives-storm-rivers-community-full-force-evict-fulani-herdsmen |date=2 November 2022 }}, Sahara Reporters, 22 March 2021. Accessed 23 March 2021. On 5 April, armed men stormed a prison in Owerri, enabling some 1,800 inmates to escape. The Nigerian government blamed IPOB, which in turn denied any involvement.[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56644577 More than 1,800 prisoners escape in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406121002/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56644577 |date=6 April 2021 }}, BBC, 5 April 2021. Accessed 6 April 2021. In mid-April, state governors announced the formation of Ebube Agu, a pro-government security network. IPOB declared that the ESN was sufficient, and alleged that the true purpose of Ebube Agu was to fight the ESN.

On 14 April, armed men launched several attacks in Njikoka and hoisted a Biafran flag. Before the attack, Nnamdi Kanu had accused the Nigerian government of plotting false-flag attacks to destroy the image of ESN.[http://saharareporters.com/2021/04/15/gunmen-attack-anambra-community-destroy-vehicles-hoist-%E2%80%98biafran-flag%E2%80%99 Gunmen Attack Anambra Community, Destroy Vehicles, Hoist ‘Biafran Flag’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416163716/http://saharareporters.com/2021/04/15/gunmen-attack-anambra-community-destroy-vehicles-hoist-%E2%80%98biafran-flag%E2%80%99 |date=16 April 2021 }}, Sahara Reporters, 15 April 2021. Accessed 15 April 2021. On 24 April, the top ESN commander known as Ikonso was killed when the Nigerian Army allegedly raided an ESN camp in Imo State. IPOB blamed governor Hope Uzodinma, as their intelligence stated he was killed in his house.[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/killing-of-esn-top-commander-hope-uzodinma-has-stirred-hornet-nest-ipob/ Killing of ESN top commander: Hope Uzodinma has stirred hornet nest — IPOB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424221254/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/killing-of-esn-top-commander-hope-uzodinma-has-stirred-hornet-nest-ipob/ |date=24 April 2021 }}, Vanguard, 24 April 2021. Accessed 24 April 2021. After less than 24 hours, IPOB announced that a new top commander had been instated.[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/another-esn-commander-has-taken-over-ipob-mocks-army/ Another ESN commander has taken over — IPOB mocks Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426021403/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/another-esn-commander-has-taken-over-ipob-mocks-army/ |date=26 April 2021 }}, Vanguard, 25 April 2021. Accessed 25 April 2021. In May, the Biafran National Guard (BNG), now headed by the so-called "Biafran Supreme Military Council of Administration" (BSMCA) which posed as high command of the restored Biafran Armed Forces, declared its intent to conquer southeastern Nigeria, starting with Anambra State.

File:Armed separatists in southern Nigeria.png

In early June, President Buhari tweeted a warning to southeastern Nigerians in response to the IPOB insurgency. Regarding the tweet as incitement to violence, Twitter deleted it, prompting the Nigerian government to ban Twitter entirely from 5 June.{{cite web| url = https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_millions-nigerian-twitter-users-blocked-ban-takes-hold/6206669.html| title = Millions of Nigerian Twitter Users Blocked as Ban Takes Hold| author = Timothy Obiezu| work = VOA| date = 5 June 2021| access-date = 22 June 2021| archive-date = 22 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210622145333/https://www.voanews.com/africa/millions-nigerian-twitter-users-blocked-ban-takes-hold| url-status = live}} On 8 June, the Nigerian Police raided and destroyed another ESN camp in Imo State, reportedly freeing a kidnapped policewoman.{{cite web | url = https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/08/police-dislodge-esn-camp-in-imo-set-buildings-ablaze-photo/ | title = Police dislodge ESN camp in Imo, set buildings ablaze [photo] | author = Ochogwu Sunday | work = Daily Post | date = 8 June 2021 | access-date = 25 June 2021 | archive-date = 25 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625151237/https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/08/police-dislodge-esn-camp-in-imo-set-buildings-ablaze-photo/ | url-status = live }} Despite this, a police official claimed around the same time that security forces had not yet encountered any ESN camps or even ESN members.{{Cite web |title=We're Yet To Locate Eastern Security Network Officials, Camp In South-East – Police {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/01/09/were-yet-locate-eastern-security-network-officials-camp-south-east-%E2%80%93-police |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=saharareporters.com}} In mid-June, IPOB allied with the "Oduduwa Volunteer Force for the Liberation of Southern Nigeria". The latter was a force of Yoruba separatists who advocate the establishment of the "Oduduwa Republic". The two separatist groups announced the formation of the "Biafra and Oduduwa Volunteer Force" to coordinate their efforts to fight armed Fulani herders.{{cite web| url = https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-57494102| title = Biafra and Oduduwa Volunteer Force: Ipob na ndị otu Oduduwa ehibela otu nchekwa ọhụrụ| author = | work = BBC| language = ig| date = 16 June 2021| access-date = 22 June 2021| archive-date = 25 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625020041/https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-57494102| url-status = live}}{{cite web| url = http://saharareporters.com/2021/06/14/biafra-oduduwa-have-formed-joint-force-protect-southern-nigeria-vowed-die-together-%E2%80%94ipob| title = Biafra, Oduduwa Have Formed Joint Force To Protect Southern Nigeria, Vowed 'To Die Together' —IPOB Spokesman| author = | work = Sahara Reporters| date = 14 June 2021| access-date = 22 June 2021| archive-date = 24 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203134/http://saharareporters.com/2021/06/14/biafra-oduduwa-have-formed-joint-force-protect-southern-nigeria-vowed-die-together-%E2%80%94ipob| url-status = live}} Meanwhile, Imo State authorities claimed that IPOB militants had killed 128 security personnel since the insurgency's start. IPOB strongly denied these claims, arguing that it remained committed to non-violent solutions and had no interest in openly fighting against Nigerian security forces.{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/10/ipob-clears-air-on-killing-128-security-personnel-in-imo/| title = IPOB clears air on killing 128 security personnel in Imo| author = Seun Opejobi| work = Daily Post| date = 10 June 2021| access-date = 25 June 2021| archive-date = 25 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625145735/https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/10/ipob-clears-air-on-killing-128-security-personnel-in-imo/| url-status = live}} Soon after, the Nigerian Army raided Abia and clashed with the ESN, resulting in death of six soldiers. This counter-insurgency operation reportedly resulted in many civilians fleeing Elu, Amangwu and Amekpu out of fear of government reprisals.{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/14/ipob-esn-were-not-on-vengeance-mission-army-defends-raids-on-abia-communities/| title = IPOB/ESN: We're not on vengeance mission – Army defends raids on Abia communities| author = Wale Odunsi| work = Daily Post| date = 14 June 2021| access-date = 25 June 2021| archive-date = 25 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625151235/https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/14/ipob-esn-were-not-on-vengeance-mission-army-defends-raids-on-abia-communities/| url-status = live}} Furthermore, the verbal struggle between the separatist leaders Asari-Dokubo and Kanu worsened due to both accusing each other of embezzling funds of the separatist movement.

In late June, Islamic cleric Ahmad Gumi accused IPOB of murdering northerners, "while bandits only abducted students for money". In response, IPOB leader Kanu reiterated that the ESN was primarily concerned with combating banditry by "Fulani jihadists" and accused Gumi of becoming a "mouthpiece for bandits and terrorists".{{cite web | url = https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/24/ipob-vs-bandits-youre-terrorists-main-sponsor-in-nigeria-nnamdi-kanu-attacks-gumi/ | title = IPOB vs bandits: You're terrorists' main sponsor in Nigeria – Nnamdi Kanu attacks Gumi | author = Seun Opejobi | work = Daily Post | date = 24 June 2021 | access-date = 25 June 2021 | archive-date = 24 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214409/https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/24/ipob-vs-bandits-youre-terrorists-main-sponsor-in-nigeria-nnamdi-kanu-attacks-gumi/ | url-status = live }} In addition, five governors of southeastern Nigerian states denounced pro-Biafran groups, resulting in IPOB{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/22/youre-hypocrites-nnamdi-kanu-attacks-southeast-govs-for-disowning-ipob/| title = You're hypocrites – Nnamdi Kanu attacks Southeast govs for disowning IPOB| author = Wale Odunsi| work = Daily Post| date = 22 June 2021| access-date = 25 June 2021| archive-date = 25 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625151240/https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/22/youre-hypocrites-nnamdi-kanu-attacks-southeast-govs-for-disowning-ipob/| url-status = live}} and the BNL condemning the governors in turn.{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/22/southeast-govs-misleading-people-with-igbo-presidency-biafra-group-on-anti-ipob-comments/| title = Southeast govs misleading people with Igbo presidency – Biafra group on anti-IPOB comments| author = Wale Odunsi| work = Daily Post| date = 22 June 2021| access-date = 25 June 2021| archive-date = 25 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625151236/https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/22/southeast-govs-misleading-people-with-igbo-presidency-biafra-group-on-anti-ipob-comments/| url-status = live}} In addition, the BNL publicly threatened to expand the insurgency, arguing that the Biafran separatists also should continue fighting against Cameroon in the Bakassi conflict. The group threatened to launch pirate raids against Nigerian and Cameroonian vessels in the Gulf of Guinea.

On 27 June, Nnamdi Kanu was arrested by Interpol in Kenya or another location,{{cite web| url = https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-57672106| title = Where was Nnamdi Kanu arrested?: Ipob leader arrest extradition location – Wetin we sabi| author = | website = BBC| language = pcm| date = 30 June 2021| access-date = 3 July 2021| archive-date = 5 July 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210705114410/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-57672106| url-status = live}}{{cite web| url = https://www.dw.com/en/how-nigeria-arrested-secessionist-leader-nnamdi-kanu/a-58111474| title = How Nigeria arrested secessionist leader Nnamdi Kanu| author = | website = DW| date = 30 June 2021| access-date = 3 July 2021| archive-date = 3 July 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210703055444/https://www.dw.com/en/how-nigeria-arrested-secessionist-leader-nnamdi-kanu/a-58111474| url-status = live}} extradited to Nigeria, and handed over to Nigerian authorities. The latter stated that the IPOB leader is supposed to face trial. Meanwhile, President Buhari referenced the separatist unrest in a TV interview, declaring that the Igbo people were a "dot in a circle" and could be easily crushed.{{cite web| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57655640| title = Nnamdi Kanu: Nigeria arrests Biafra separatist leader| author = | website = BBC| date = 29 June 2021| access-date = 29 June 2021| archive-date = 29 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210629190649/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57655640| url-status = live}}{{cite web| url = https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-says-biafran-separatist-leader-arrested-will-face-trial-2021-06-29/| title = Biafran separatist leader arrested and will face trial, Nigeria says| website = Reuters| date = 29 June 2021| access-date = 29 June 2021| archive-date = 29 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210629143154/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-says-biafran-separatist-leader-arrested-will-face-trial-2021-06-29/| url-status = live}}{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-57655670 | title=Nnamdi Kanu arrest in Nigeria": Ipob 'Nnamdi Kanu dey arrested', go appear for court | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629161846/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-57655670 |archivedate=29 June 2021 | publisher=BBC | date=29 June 2021 | accessdate=29 June 2021 | language=pcm}}{{Cite web|last=THEWILL_|date=2021-06-29|title=EXCLUSIVE: Finally In DSS Custody, Nnamdi Kanu Arrested In Ethiopia|url=https://thewillnigeria.com/news/exclusive-finally-in-dss-custody-nnamdi-kanu-arrested-in-ethiopia/|access-date=2021-06-29|language=en-US|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629175655/https://thewillnigeria.com/news/exclusive-finally-in-dss-custody-nnamdi-kanu-arrested-in-ethiopia/|url-status=live}} Kanu's arrest precluded a confrontation with his separatist rival Asari-Dokubo who had threatened a "clampdown" on the IPOB leader shortly before.{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2021/07/29/biafra-belongs-to-ijaw-not-igbos-asari-dokubo-recounts-history-of-agitation/| title = Biafra belongs to Ijaw not Igbos – Asari-Dokubo recounts history of agitation| author = Ochogwu Sunday| work = Daily Post| date = 29 July 2021| access-date = 17 August 2021| archive-date = 17 August 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817101153/https://dailypost.ng/2021/07/29/biafra-belongs-to-ijaw-not-igbos-asari-dokubo-recounts-history-of-agitation/| url-status = live}} Following the IPOB leader's detention, his "self-acclaimed disciple" Simon Ekpa rose to prominence, promising that Biafran activists would prevent the Anambra State gubernatorial election of November 2021.{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/11/anambra-therell-be-no-election-in-biafraland-nnamdi-kanus-disciple-ekpa/| title = Anambra: There'll be no election in Biafraland – Nnamdi Kanu's disciple, Ekpa| author = Nsikak Nseyen| work = Daily Post| date = 11 August 2021| access-date = 17 August 2021| archive-date = 17 August 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817101154/https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/11/anambra-therell-be-no-election-in-biafraland-nnamdi-kanus-disciple-ekpa/| url-status = live}} The Nigerian government also managed to arrest Sunday Adeyemo (alias "Sunday Igboho"), a Yoruba separatist leader, in Benin.{{cite web| url = https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_115-killed-military-crackdown-nigeria-amnesty/6209174.html| title = 115 Killed in Military Crackdown in Nigeria: Amnesty| agency = AFP| work = VOA| date = 4 August 2021| access-date = 18 August 2021| archive-date = 17 August 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817223353/https://www.voanews.com/africa/115-killed-military-crackdown-nigeria-amnesty| url-status = live}}

In early July, security forces arrested ESN commander Emeoyiri Uzorma Benjamin (alias "Onye Army"), accusing him and his followers of killings, destruction of property, and atrocities in Imo State.{{cite web | url = http://saharareporters.com/2021/07/03/eastern-security-network-commander-makes-shocking-claims-about-nnamdi-kanu-after-arrest | title = Eastern Security Network Commander Makes Shocking Claims About Nnamdi Kanu After Arrest | work = Sahara Reporters | date = 3 July 2021 | access-date = 17 August 2021 | archive-date = 17 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817101203/http://saharareporters.com/2021/07/03/eastern-security-network-commander-makes-shocking-claims-about-nnamdi-kanu-after-arrest | url-status = live }} In the same month, ESN fighters attacked a military checkpoint at Adani, Uzo Uwani, killing two soldiers.{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/men-of-ipobs-eastern-security-network-kill-two-soldiers-in-enugu/ | title = Men of IPOB's Eastern Security Network kill two soldiers in Enugu | work = Guardian | date = 14 July 2021 | access-date = 17 August 2021 | archive-date = 17 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817101153/https://guardian.ng/news/men-of-ipobs-eastern-security-network-kill-two-soldiers-in-enugu/ | url-status = live }}{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/two-soldiers-dies-as-troops-repel-suspected-esn-attack-at-enugu/ | title = Two soldiers die as troops repel suspected ESN attack at Enugu | work = Guardian | date = 14 July 2021 | access-date = 17 August 2021 | archive-date = 17 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817101153/https://guardian.ng/news/two-soldiers-dies-as-troops-repel-suspected-esn-attack-at-enugu/ | url-status = live }} Following several raids by the security forces against ESN camps, militants allegedly murdered Paschal Okeke, a juju priest. The ESN militants were reportedly upset that his protective charms had failed to shield them from the government.{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/esn-group-allegedly-kills-imo-juju-priest/ | title = ESN group allegedly kills Imo juju priest | work = Guardian | date = 11 August 2021 | access-date = 17 August 2021 | archive-date = 17 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817101152/https://guardian.ng/news/esn-group-allegedly-kills-imo-juju-priest/ | url-status = live }} In late July, a military officer was injured by suspected ESN militants in Ohafia, Abia, reportedly prompting security forces to take revenge by storming the town and destroying several houses.{{cite web| url = http://saharareporters.com/2021/07/29/how-nigerian-soldiers-killed-one-razed-houses-abia-communities-avenge-colleague| title = How Nigerian Soldiers Killed One, Razed Houses In Abia Communities To Avenge Colleague| work = Sahara Reporters| date = 29 July 2021| access-date = 17 August 2021| archive-date = 17 August 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817101202/http://saharareporters.com/2021/07/29/how-nigerian-soldiers-killed-one-razed-houses-abia-communities-avenge-colleague| url-status = live}}

In early August, Amnesty International declared that Nigerian security forces had killed 115 civilians and militants since the unrest's start, while the government stated that 127 members of the security forces had been killed. Amnesty International argued that the security forces had made numerous arbitrary arrests of often uninvolved civilians, and accused them of human rights abuses. On 9 August, IPOB supporters began a stay-at-home protest for the release of Kanu. Despite orders by the government to ignore IPOB's calls for the action, a majority in several settlements across southeastern Nigeria complied with the lockdown. Militant separatists burned at least three buses whose drivers had not taken part in the protest and continued to work.{{cite web| url = https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_ipob-separatists-lockdown-protest-takes-hold-nigerias-southeast/6209371.html| title = IPOB Separatists' Lockdown Protest Takes Hold in Nigeria's Southeast| author = Timothy Obiezu| work = VOA| date = 9 August 2021| access-date = 18 August 2021| archive-date = 17 August 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817230223/https://www.voanews.com/africa/ipob-separatists-lockdown-protest-takes-hold-nigerias-southeast| url-status = live}} Kanu's trial began in Abuja in October 2021, with him pleading non-guilty. The trial was accompanied by protests of the separatist leader's supporters, and Voice of America journalist Timothy Obiezu argued that IPOB appeared to be gaining strength instead of losing it. A new "sit-at-home" strike affected southeastern Nigeria, shutting down most services and businesses there.{{cite web| url = https://www.voanews.com/a/nigeria-separatist-leader-pleads-not-guilty-to-charges-at-start-of-trial-/6281931.html| title = Nigeria Separatist Leader Pleads Not Guilty to Charges at Start of Trial| author = Timothy Obiezu| work = VOA| date = 22 October 2021| access-date = 25 October 2021| archive-date = 24 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211024085524/https://www.voanews.com/a/nigeria-separatist-leader-pleads-not-guilty-to-charges-at-start-of-trial-/6281931.html| url-status = live}}

File:Biafra Nations League - BnL.png

From early October 2021, the 302 Artillery Regiment led by Col. Abdulkarim Usman launched "Exercise Golden Dawn", an operation aimed at combating MASSOB, IPOB, ESN, and other anti-government groups in Anambra State.{{cite web | url = https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/insecurity-army-launches-exercise-golden-dawn-in-anambra/ | title = Insecurity: Army launches 'Exercise Golden Dawn' in Anambra | work = Vanguard | date = 4 October 2021 | access-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114504/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/insecurity-army-launches-exercise-golden-dawn-in-anambra/ | url-status = live }} On 8 November, the BNL took control of a border crossing between Akpabuyo and Bakassi, blocking the road leading to the Peninsula and raising the Biafran flag. The militants retreated before a Nigerian Armed Forces contingent arrived.{{cite web| url = https://nationaldailyng.com/renewed-border-tension-biafra-league-barricades-entrance-to-bakassi-hoist-flag/| title = Renewed border tension: Biafra League barricades entrance to Bakassi, hoist flag| work = National Daily| date = 8 November 2021| access-date = 17 November 2021| archive-date = 17 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211117123206/https://nationaldailyng.com/renewed-border-tension-biafra-league-barricades-entrance-to-bakassi-hoist-flag/| url-status = live}} The BNL consequently claimed that it had taken control of parts of Bakassi, setting up its headquarters there and declaring that it was mobilizing its "marine members" for a "show of force." Reactions to the BNL activities were mixed at the border communities, with some protesting against and others for the group.{{cite web | url = https://nationaldailyng.com/biafra-league-encroaches-cameroon-border-hoists-biafra-flag-at-bakassi-peninsula-entrance/ | title = Biafra League encroaches Cameroon border, hoists Biafra flag at Bakassi Peninsula entrance | work = National Daily | date = 21 November 2021 | access-date = 25 November 2021 | archive-date = 25 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211125204019/https://nationaldailyng.com/biafra-league-encroaches-cameroon-border-hoists-biafra-flag-at-bakassi-peninsula-entrance/ | url-status = live }} In this month, the BNG also looted a number of shops, resulting in IPOB dismissing it as "a criminal group". In response, BNG claimed that they had acquired military rockets in preparation for the "secessionist war". Meanwhile, a separatist militia called "Angry Vipers" demanded the release of Kanu and threatened various figures including businessman Obi Cubana who they believed supported Fulani herders.

From December 2021, the governors in the five southeastern states of Nigeria were tasked by the government to finally organize the Ebube Agu security network. IPOB once again denounced these efforts, arguing that such outfits had previously failed to counter bandits, and that the new force was still aimed at countering the ESN.{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/ipob-rejects-establishment-of-ebubeagu-security-outfit-in-south-east/ | title = IPOB rejects establishment of Ebubeagu security outfit in South East | work = Guardian | date = 21 December 2021 | access-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114516/https://guardian.ng/news/ipob-rejects-establishment-of-ebubeagu-security-outfit-in-south-east/ | url-status = live }} On Christmas Eve 2021, the ESN raided Akpawfu. In response, Nigerian Army troops involved in "Exercise Golden Dawn" attacked a nearby location suspected of harboring ESN militants. The military claimed that it arrested an important ESN commander named Godwin Nnamdi after a short firefight.{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/army-arrests-ipob-leader-in-enugu-recovers-arm/ | title = Army arrests IPOB leader in Enugu, recovers arm | work = Guardian | date = 27 December 2021 | access-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114512/https://guardian.ng/news/army-arrests-ipob-leader-in-enugu-recovers-arm/ | url-status = live }} In contrast, the "International Society for Civil Liberties and Rule of Law" claimed that the army had actually detained Godwin Nnaji, a civilian with IPOB sympathies, and falsely portrayed him as an ESN leader.{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/group-faults-army-over-claim-of-ipob-esn-commanders-arrest-in-enugu/ | title = Group faults army over claim of IPOB/ESN commander's arrest in Enugu | work = Guardian | date = 30 December 2021 | access-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114510/https://guardian.ng/news/group-faults-army-over-claim-of-ipob-esn-commanders-arrest-in-enugu/ | url-status = live }}

In January 2022, tensions further rose regionally and locally. IPOB began boycotting northern products such as cow meat in the southeast, whereupon northerners called for boycotts of southeastern goods.{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/coalition-tells-northerners-to-boycott-goods-from-south-east/ | title = Coalition tells Northerners to boycott goods from South East | work = Guardian | date = 7 January 2022 | access-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114505/https://guardian.ng/news/coalition-tells-northerners-to-boycott-goods-from-south-east/ | url-status = live }} At the same time, Dokubo Asari called for the execution of all IPOB members, signifying the growing tensions among the Biafran separatists. BNL condemned Asari's call for violence, arguing that IPOB had indeed sidelined and offended other Biafran groups, but that this should not cause violent infighting among the anti-government forces.{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/bnl-condemns-dokubo-asaris-call-for-execution-of-ipob-members/ | title = BnL condemns Dokubo Asari's call for execution of IPOB members | work = Guardian | date = 28 January 2022 | access-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114504/https://guardian.ng/news/bnl-condemns-dokubo-asaris-call-for-execution-of-ipob-members/ | url-status = live }} In this month suspected IPOB members also abducted an ex-Assembly speaker and four others in Imo State,{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/gunmen-abduct-ex-assembly-speaker-four-others-in-imo/ | title = Gunmen abduct ex-Assembly speaker, four others in Imo | work = Guardian | date = 11 January 2022 | access-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114514/https://guardian.ng/news/gunmen-abduct-ex-assembly-speaker-four-others-in-imo/ | url-status = live }} while the Nigerian Armed Forces claimed the destruction of an IPOB/ESN stronghold in Lilu forest at Ihiala.{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/security-operatives-hit-ipob-stronghold-in-anambra-recover-arms-others/ | title = Security operatives hit IPOB stronghold in Anambra, recover arms, others | work = Guardian | date = 19 January 2022 | access-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114505/https://guardian.ng/news/security-operatives-hit-ipob-stronghold-in-anambra-recover-arms-others/ | url-status = live }} Fighting also became more intense at Bakassi, as BNL clashed with the Nigerian and Cameroonian militaries and attempted to prevent ships from approaching the peninsula.

On 1 February, claims began to circulate on social media according to which "Black Marine", a group suspected of being part of the BNL, had killed a Nigerian Navy officer at Oron Beach. The Nigerian Navy stated that these claims were false.{{cite web | url = https://guardian.ng/news/navy-refutes-reported-attack-on-its-officers-by-militants/ | title = Navy refutes reported attack on its officers by militants | work = Guardian | date = 2 February 2022 | access-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-date = 6 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114510/https://guardian.ng/news/navy-refutes-reported-attack-on-its-officers-by-militants/ | url-status = live }} A few days later, the Nigerian Army claimed to have killed four ESN militants at Ihiala.{{cite web| url = https://guardian.ng/news/troops-neutralise-ipob-leader-3-others-in-anambra-army/| title = Troops neutralise IPOB leader, 3 others in Anambra – Army| work = Guardian| date = 9 February 2022| access-date = 6 March 2022| archive-date = 6 March 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114507/https://guardian.ng/news/troops-neutralise-ipob-leader-3-others-in-anambra-army/| url-status = live}} On 15 February, gunmen suspected to be separatists killed eight traders and 51 cows at a market in Aba; IPOB denied responsibility.{{cite web| url = https://guardian.ng/news/gunmen-kill-eight-traders-51-cows-in-nigerian-market/| title = Gunmen kill eight traders, 51 cows in Nigerian market| work = Guardian| date = 9 February 2022| access-date = 6 March 2022| archive-date = 6 March 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114508/https://guardian.ng/news/gunmen-kill-eight-traders-51-cows-in-nigerian-market/| url-status = live}} On the same day, Ekpa declared that IPOB would no longer take orders from Kanu, as he could not lead the group from prison. However, a large section of IPOB disapproved of Ekpa's position. The strikes in the southeast also continued, and even many schools remained closed.{{cite web| url = https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/newsfeature/concerns-over-incessant-sit-at-home-in-south-east/| title = Concerns over incessant sit at home in South East| work = Guardian| date = 20 February 2022| access-date = 6 March 2022| archive-date = 6 March 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114508/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/newsfeature/concerns-over-incessant-sit-at-home-in-south-east/| url-status = live}} In late February, gunmen suspected to be IPOB/ESN members attacked Ekwulobia and Oko, killing 12 and kidnapping several others.{{cite web| url = https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/national/fear-grips-anambra-communities-as-gunmen-kill-12-in-oko-ekwulobia/| title = Fear grips Anambra communities as gunmen kill 12 in Oko, Ekwulobia| work = Guardian| date = 1 March 2022| access-date = 6 March 2022| archive-date = 6 March 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220306114546/https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/national/fear-grips-anambra-communities-as-gunmen-kill-12-in-oko-ekwulobia/| url-status = live}}

On 13 April, a BNL commander was killed by the Cameroonian military in Idabato, Bakassi.{{cite web| title = Cameroonian Military Kills Biafra Nations League Commander| url = https://saharareporters.com/2022/04/16/cameroonian-military-kills-biafra-nations-league-commander| work = Sahara Reporters| date = 16 April 2022| access-date = 16 April 2022| archive-date = 16 April 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220416163301/http://saharareporters.com/2022/04/16/cameroonian-military-kills-biafra-nations-league-commander| url-status = live}}

On 26 April, reports began circulating that two military gunboats has been bombed by Black Marine, a suspected arm wing of BnL who also claimed responsibility for the attack {{cite web | title = Biafra Militant Group Bombs Two Military Gunboats In Bakassi | url = https://igberetvnews.com/1418921/biafran-militant-group-bombs-2-military-gunboats-bakassi/#forward | access-date = 4 May 2022 | archive-date = 26 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220426210133/https://igberetvnews.com/1418921/biafran-militant-group-bombs-2-military-gunboats-bakassi/#forward | url-status = live }}

Few days later, 23 persons were arrested in Ikom, a border town in Cross River State by the Police, at first it was reported that they were members of MASSOB, later, BnL confirmed 17 of them are their members arrested in their houses outside the main town, the remaining 6 who are Igbo traders were arrested inside a shop in the main town.{{cite web | title = Pro-Biafra group, BnL, begs Police to release members | date = 3 May 2022 | url = https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/03/pro-biafra-group-bnl-begs-police-to-release-members/ | access-date = 4 May 2022 | archive-date = 4 May 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220504220019/https://dailypost.ng/2022/05/03/pro-biafra-group-bnl-begs-police-to-release-members/ | url-status = live }}

On Friday 13 May 2022, suspected militants of BnL attacked the Ikang jetty, in Bakassi Area of Cross River State killing a Police officer and injuring many others, this is barely a week after the Police arrested 23 members of BnL in Ikom.{{cite web | title = Suspected Secessionists Attack Bakassi Jetty, Kill Policeman | date = 14 May 2022 | url = https://guardian.ng/news/suspected-secessionists-attack-bakassi-jetty-kill-policeman/ | access-date = 15 May 2022 | archive-date = 14 May 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220514045541/https://guardian.ng/news/suspected-secessionists-attack-bakassi-jetty-kill-policeman/ | url-status = live }}

In the second half of May, suspected IPOB militants carried out a series of killings: Okechukwu Okoye, a member of the Anambra State House of Assembly, and his aide were abducted and murdered on 15 May;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/23/africa/nigerian-lawmaker-beheaded-anambra-intl/index.html|title=Severed head of missing Nigerian lawmaker found in park, police say|agency=Reuters|website=CNN|date=23 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524215025/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/23/africa/nigerian-lawmaker-beheaded-anambra-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/05/22/anambra-assembly-condemns-barbaric-murder-of-lawmaker-tasks-soludo-on-security/|title=Anambra Assembly Condemns 'Barbaric Murder' Of Lawmaker, Tasks Soludo On Security|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525013115/https://www.channelstv.com/2022/05/22/anambra-assembly-condemns-barbaric-murder-of-lawmaker-tasks-soludo-on-security/|url-status=live}} seven days later, separatist militants murdered 11 northerners in Anambra State: a pregnant woman and her four children in Orumba North; five commercial motorcycle riders in Onocha, and a salesman at Nnanka.{{Cite web|url=https://dailytrust.com/ipob-kills-woman-4-kids-6-other-northerners-in-anambra|title=IPOB kills woman, 4 kids, 6 other northerners in Anambra|date=24 May 2022|website=Daily Trust|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524214841/https://dailytrust.com/ipob-kills-woman-4-kids-6-other-northerners-in-anambra|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://humanglemedia.com/many-vacate-anambra-communities-as-terrorists-kill-mother-children/|title=Many Vacate Anambra Communities As Terrorists Kill Mother, Children|date=24 May 2022|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524110304/https://humanglemedia.com/many-vacate-anambra-communities-as-terrorists-kill-mother-children/|url-status=live}} On 23 July, five Cameroonian soldiers were killed when they invaded a BNL camp in Bakassi; the BNL lost one fighter during the clash.{{cite web | title = Casualties as Biafra group clashes with Cameroonian soldiers | url = https://dailypost.ng/2022/07/23/casualties-as-biafra-group-clashes-with-cameroonian-soldiers/ | work = Daily Post | date = 23 July 2022 | access-date = 24 July 2022 | archive-date = 23 July 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220723202155/https://dailypost.ng/2022/07/23/casualties-as-biafra-group-clashes-with-cameroonian-soldiers/ | url-status = live }} In August 2022, Ekpa declared the formation of the "Biafra Republic Government in Exile" (BRGIE), a move denounced by IPOB. The separatist group's Media and Publicity Secretary Emma Powerful outright called Ekpa's faction a "scam" organized by dissidents.{{cite web |url= https://saharareporters.com/2022/08/07/biafra-government-exile-formed-self-professed-disciple-nnamdi-kanu-ekpa-scam-ignore-it |title=Biafra Government In Exile Formed By Self-professed Disciple Of Nnamdi Kanu, Ekpa, Is A Scam, Ignore It, IPOB Tells Nigerians |website=Sahara Reporters |date=7 August 2022 |access-date= 23 July 2023 }}

Meanwhile, IPOB suspected militants attempted to disrupt the preparations for the 2023 Nigerian elections, attacking offices of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) across the southeast. INEC responded by increasing its efforts at registration drives, though remained hampered by logistical issues.{{cite web |last1=Adelagun |first1=Oluwakemi |title=Traders in Alaba International shut down market for PVC collection |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/535967-traders-in-alaba-international-shut-down-market-for-pvc-collection.html |website=Premium Times |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}{{cite web |last1=Ijaseun |first1=David |title=Voters meet challenges in move to beat PVC deadline |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/voters-meet-challenges-in-move-to-beat-the-pvc-deadline/ |website=BusinessDay |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}}{{cite web |last1=Oloniniran |first1=Gbenga |title=INEC deploys extra voter enrolment machines to Lagos, others |url=https://punchng.com/inec-deploys-extra-voter-enrolment-machines-to-lagos-others/ |website=The Punch |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}} In September, gunmen attacked the convoy of Senator Ifeanyi Ubah of the Young Progressives Party at Enugwu-Ukwu; five people were killed, though the senator remained unharmed.{{cite web| url = https://www.voaafrica.com/a/insurgents-attack-nigeria-oppo-lawmaker/6743956.html| title = Insurgents Attack Nigeria Oppo Lawmaker| work = VOA| date = 12 September 2022| access-date = 12 March 2023 }} IPOB continued to accuse local security forces of cooperating with militant herdsmen and Islamists, describing the new head of the 82 Division, Major General Ahmed Chinade, as "another Fulani stooge and Igbo hater" who previously had killed and abused "Biafrans" in the Port Harcourt area.{{cite web| title =IPOB Calls Nigerian Army Chief Deployed From Enugu Division 'Boko Haram Commander'| url = https://saharareporters.com/2023/01/12/ipob-calls-nigerian-army-chief-deployed-enugu-division-boko-haram-commander| work = Sahara Reporters| date = 12 January 2023| access-date = 16 April 2022}} On their part, the security forces attempted to contain the militant activities which were disrupting the election preparations, launching security sweeps and capturing or killing some suspected ESN militants.{{cite web| title =Nigerian Military Headquarters, DHQ Confirms Killing Seven Alleged Eastern Security Network Members, Over 50 Criminals| url = https://saharareporters.com/2023/01/12/nigerian-military-headquarters-dhq-confirms-killing-seven-alleged-eastern-security| work = Sahara Reporters| date = 12 January 2023| access-date = 16 April 2022}} The police also reportedly seized a weapons stockpile assembled by Oduduwan nationalists.{{cite web| url = https://guardian.ng/opinion/editorial/police-oduduwa-nation-activists-and-weapons-stockpiling/| title = Police, Oduduwa nation activists and weapons stockpiling | work = Guardian| date = 27 February 2023| access-date = 12 March 2023 }}

As sporadic attacks on southeastern INEC offices continued into the new year, a commission official warned that the election could be forced into postponement if the attacks were not stopped.{{cite web |title=Insecurity could derail Nigeria polls, election commission warns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/10/insecurity-could-derail-nigeria-election-commission |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 January 2023}} Although the comment was quickly retracted and the commission promised to hold the election as scheduled, concerns continued considering the deadly attacks—like previous southeastern attacks on INEC, experts stated that the attacks were most likely conducted by violent secessionist groups attempting to "delegitimise the electoral process and boost their separatist agenda."{{cite web |title=INEC has no plans to postpone 2023 elections – Yakubu |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/575138-inec-has-no-plans-to-postpone-2023-elections-yakubu.html |website=Premium Times |date=11 January 2023 |publisher=News Agency of Nigeria |access-date=23 January 2023}}{{cite web |last1=Adetayo |first1=Ope |title=Attacks on electoral commission spark concerns for Nigeria polls |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/1/18/nigeria-electoral-commission-attacks-spark-polls-concern |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 January 2023}} The attacks continued until the election, as did concerns that the election would be postponed at the last moment.{{cite web |last1=Shuaib |first1=Ibrahim |title=Attacks intensify in Nigeria ahead of Feb 25 polls |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/attacks-intensify-in-nigeria-ahead-of-feb-25-polls/2827393 |website=Anadolu Agency |access-date=25 February 2023}}{{cite web |last1=Abidoye |first1=Bisi |title=PT State of the Race: Will Nigeria's presidential election hold on 25 February? |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/580093-pt-state-of-the-race-will-nigerias-presidential-election-hold-on-25-february.html |website=Premium Times |date=5 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}}{{cite web |last1=Akinkuotu |first1=Eniola |title=Nigeria 2023: Fear of election postponement mounts amid cash, petrol crisis |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/282945/nigeria-2023-fear-of-election-postponement-mounts-amid-cash-petrol-crisis/ |website=The Africa Report |date=8 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023}} Separatists like Simon Ekpa called for lockdowns in the period leading up the election.{{cite web| title =Nnamdi Kanu's Self-proclaimed Disciple, Simon Ekpa, Declares Two-day Total Lockdown In Southeast Nigeria| url = https://saharareporters.com/2023/01/16/nnamdi-kanus-self-proclaimed-disciple-simon-ekpa-declares-two-day-total-lockdown| work = Sahara Reporters| date = 16 January 2023| access-date = 16 April 2022}} Just before the election, suspected separatists killed seven policemen in a series of attacks in Anambra State.{{cite web| url = https://www.voaafrica.com/a/five-nigerian-cops-killed/6970759.html| title = Five Nigerian Cops Killed| work = VOA| date = 20 February 2023| access-date = 12 March 2023 }}{{cite web| url = https://www.voaafrica.com/a/seven-nigerian-cops-gunned/6972099.html| title = Seven Nigerian Cops Gunned| work = VOA| date = 21 February 2023| access-date = 12 March 2023 }} At the same time, fighting also continued in Bakassi, with several clashes resulting in losses on both sides. Cameroonian security forces captured a BNL camp in Bakassi in August 2022.{{cite web| url = https://guardian.ng/news/cameroonian-forces-invade-biafra-separatist-camp-in-bakassi/| title = Cameroonian forces invade Biafra separatist camp in Bakassi| author = Anietie Akpan| work = Guardian| date = 16 August 2022| access-date = 12 March 2023 }} BNL militants killed two Cameroonian soldiers and raised the Biafran flag at Abana on the peninsula in January 2023.{{cite web| title =Militants Kill Two Cameroon Army Personnel, Hoist Biafra Nation's Flag In Bakassi| url = https://saharareporters.com/2023/01/05/militants-kill-two-cameroon-army-personnel-hoist-biafra-nations-flag-bakassi| work = Sahara Reporters| date = 5 January 2023| access-date = 16 April 2022}} Soon after, Cameroon claimed that its Rapid Intervention Battalion had captured BNL commander Henry Edet at Atabong East in Bakassi.{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2023/01/25/cameroonian-forces-capture-commander-of-pro-biafran-militants-in-bakassi/| title = Cameroonian forces capture commander of pro-Biafran militants in Bakassi| author = Asare Asare| work = Daily Post| date = 25 January 2023| access-date = 12 March 2023 }} Suspected BNL followers also attacked ships around Bakassi.{{cite web| url = https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/17/pro-biafra-militants-attack-oil-vessel-kill-2-near-cameroon/| title = Pro-Biafra militants attack oil vessel, kill 2 near Cameroon| author = Asare Asare| work = Daily Post| date = 17 February 2023| access-date = 12 March 2023 }} On 14 February, the Federal High Court in Abakaliki ordered the disbandment of the Ebube Agu network in Ebonyi State, declaring the group an illegal armed force.{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Chinagorom Ugwu, Agency |date=2023-02-16 |title=Court disbands Ebubeagu security outfit in Ebonyi |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/582314-court-disbands-ebubeagu-security-outfit-in-ebonyi.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}

In April 2023, Simon Ekpa declared himself "Prime Minister" of the Biafran Republic Government in Exile (BRGIE), calling for the United Nations to acknowledge Biafra and release Nnamdi Kanu. Despite this, Kanu ordered one of his followers to release a message condemning the BRGIE as "treasonous to his quest for Biafran statehood".{{cite web |url= https://saharareporters.com/2023/05/23/nnamdi-kanu-condemned-simon-ekpas-biafra-government-exile-declared-it-treasonable |title=Nnamdi Kanu Condemned Simon Ekpa's 'Biafra Government In Exile', Declared It Treasonable Against His Quest For Biafra –US-based IPOB Lawyer, Bruce Fein |website=Sahara Reporters |date=23 May 2023 |access-date= 23 July 2023 }} Meanwhile, suspected separatist rebels ambushed a convoy of U.S. Embassy staffers at Ogbaru in Anambra State, killing two policemen and two local workers, while abducting three others.{{cite web |url= https://www.voanews.com/a/gunmen-attack-us-convoy-in-nigeria-killing-2-police-2-embassy-staffers/7096631.html |title=Gunmen Attack US Convoy in Nigeria, Killing 2 Police, 2 Embassy Staffers |website=VOA |date=16 May 2023 |access-date= 23 July 2023 }}{{cite web |url= https://www.voanews.com/a/nigerian-security-forces-search-for-attackers-of-us-embassy-convoy-abductees/7097651.html |title=Nigerian Security Forces Search for Attackers of US Embassy Convoy, Abductees |website=VOA |date=17 May 2023 |access-date= 23 July 2023 }} In July, suspected IPOB/ESN militants reportedly attacked a location in Asaba, Delta State, whereupon the 63 Brigade of the Nigerian Army, police, and State Security Service organized a raid which resulted in the death of two rebels and capture of five.{{cite web |last1=Odeniyi |first1=Solomon |title= Security operatives kill two IPOB members, arrest five |url=https://punchng.com/security-operatives-kill-two-ipob-members-arrest-five/ |website=The Punch |date=18 July 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022}} In the same month, Ekpa's BRGIE organized a sit-at-home order across southeastern Nigeria. Even though IPOB disavowed the order, it was widely carried out with the support of separatist militants.{{cite web |author=Mimi Mefo Takambou |title=Can dialogue resolve Nigeria's 'IPOB problem'? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/can-dialogue-resolve-nigerias-ipob-problem/a-66213535 |website=DW |date=14 July 2023 |access-date=23 November 2024}} Around this time, repeated rebel raids heavily affected the town of Izombe, burning houses, killing the local traditional ruler Victor Ijioma, and causing many residents to flee. Izombe had previously been one of the "main oil-bearing areas and [the] food basket of" Imo State.{{cite web |author=Adejumo Kabir |title=Izombe: The Violence Turning Imo Community Into A Ghost Town |url=https://humanglemedia.com/izombe-the-violence-turning-imo-community-into-a-ghost-town/ |website=HumAngle |date=19 July 2023 |access-date=23 November 2024}}

{{See also|2024 Aba killings}}

On 4 September 2023, Simon Ekpa released a video displaying weapons purportedly belonging to a group he dubbed "Biafran Liberation Army" (BLA),{{Cite web |title=WATCH VIDEO: Simon Ekpa Showcases His New Biafra Liberation Army |url=https://afnews.ng/video-ekpa-showcases-his-new-biafra-liberation-army/ |website=AF News |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2023-09-08 |language=en-US}} followed shortly by an ambush that resulted in the deaths of five to eight security personnel in Imo State.{{cite web |author=Camillus Eboh |title=Gunmen kill five policemen in Nigeria's southeastern Imo state |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/gunmen-kill-five-policemen-nigerias-southeastern-imo-state-2023-09-19/ |website=Reuters |date=19 September 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024}} The Biafra Liberation Army was identified as the armed wing of Ekpa's BRGIE, having emerged from IPOB's "Autopilot" faction. Over the next months, Ekpa repeatedly made claims about successful BLA attacks on security forces, though journalist Kunle Adebajo identified many of these claims as false and misleading.{{cite web |author= Kunle Adebajo |title= IPOB Factional Leader Tweets Misleading Pictures Of Attack On Soldiers |url=https://humanglemedia.com/ipob-factional-leader-tweets-misleading-pictures-of-attack-on-soldiers/ |website=HumAngle |date=25 July 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024}} On 11 November, the Biafran Liberation Army temporarily captured Eke Market in Imo State.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=PHOTOS: Armed Biafra Liberation Army Personnel Patrol Eke Market In Imo State – Trojan News :: Real Time News |url=https://trojan.com.ng/photos-armed-biafra-liberation-army-personnel-patrol-eke-market-in-imo-state/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en-US}} On 17 November, unidentified gunmen killed two policemen in Ebonyi,{{Cite web |last=wisdom |title=JUST IN!!! Unknown Gunmen Kill Two Nigerian Policemen, Injure One In Ebonyi |url=https://igberetvnews.com/1457292/just-unknown-gunmen-kill-two-nigerian-policemen-injure-one-ebonyi/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=igberetvnews.com |language=en-US}} followed by the killing of two more policemen in Ahiara on 27 November.{{Cite web |last=Ikyernum |first=Aondoakula |date=2023-11-27 |title=Unknown Gunmen Kill Two Police Officers In Ahiara, Imo State (Video) » Welcome to TrendyGists Blog |url=https://trendygists.com/2023/11/27/unknown-gunmen-kill-two-police-officers-in-ahiara-imo-state-video/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |language=en-US}}

In December 2023, the Nigerian security forces launched "Operation Udoka" under Major General Hassan Taiwo Dada to reduce the presence and influence of separatist forces across the southeast.{{cite web |author=Kingsley Omonobi |title=How we stopped 'sit at home order', restored business culture of South East – Force Commander, Operation Udoka |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/how-we-stopped-sit-at-home-order-restored-business-culture-of-south-east-force-commander-operation-udoka/ |website=Vanguard |date=23 April 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024}} In March 2024, the Nigerian Army eliminated a number of separatist camps, including a longstanding rebel base near Orsumoghu and the B44 camp in Oru, Imo State. By April, the contingents involved in "Operation Udoka" claimed to have destroyed 16 IPOB camps, killed 35 rebels, and arrested 137. However, suspected IPOB/ESN militants ambushed a Nigerian military convoy engaged in "Operation Udoka" in May, killing five soldiers and six civilians at Aba in Abia State.{{cite web |author= |title=Killing of five soldiers and six civilians - Different times Nigerian military suffer attacks allegedly by Ipob/ESN |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c0jjg93xpvpo |website=BBC Pidgin |date=31 May 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024}}{{cite web |author=Camillus Eboh |title=Gunmen kill 11 in attack in Nigeria's southeast, army says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/separatist-gunmen-kill-five-soldiers-nigerias-southeast-army-says-2024-05-31/ |website=Reuters |date=31 May 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024}} By mid-2024, a "vast stretch" of woodlands (about 700 hectares) between Anambra and Imo States had reportedly become a "no man's land" controlled by pro-Biafran militants, many loyal to IPOB.

In November 2024, Ekpa was arrested by local police in Finland, with Nigerian military authorities praising this move.{{cite web |author=Timothy Obiezu |title=Nigeria hopes for extradition of separatist leader, but analysts are skeptical |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/nigeria-hopes-for-extradition-of-separatist-leader-but-analysts-are-skeptical-/7873920.html |website=VOA |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024}}

• Nigerian Civil War
• Oyo State coup attempt

{{reflist}}

{{Post-Cold War African conflicts}}

Category:2021 in Nigeria

Category:2022 in Nigeria

Category:2023 in Nigeria

Category:Conflicts in 2021

Category:Conflicts in 2022

Category:Conflicts in 2023

*

Category:Wars involving Igboland

Category:Civil wars in Nigeria