isochrone map

File:Rates_of_travel_in_America,_1800_to_1930.png

File:Isochronic Passage Chart Francis Galton 1881.jpg first known isochronic map published for the Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1881. It shows the travel times in 1881 from London, United Kingdom to different parts of the world in days. It assumes that there are favourable travel conditions and that travel arrangements over land have been made in advance. It assumes travelling methods of the day within a reasonable cost.]]

File:Map of Melbourne and environs minimum railway or tramway time zones.jpg rail transport travel times, 1910–1922]]

Early examples of Isochrone maps include the Galton's Isochronic Postal Charts and Isochronic Passage Charts of 1881 and 1882,{{cite journal

| last = Galton

| first = Francis

| date = 1881

| title = On the Construction of Isochronic Passage Charts

| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society

| publisher = Royal Geographical Society

| pages = 657

| doi = 10.2307/1800138

| jstor = 1800138

| url= https://zenodo.org/record/2096271

}} Bartholomew's Isochronic Distance Map and Chart first published 1889,{{cite book

|last1= Bartholomew

|year= 1889

|title=Atlas of Commercial Geography

|location=Edinburgh

|publisher=John Bartholomew and Son

|page= S. VI, Map 13 a

}} and Albrecht Penck's Isochronenkarte first published 1887.{{cite journal

| last = Penck

| first = Albrecht

| date = 1887

| title = Isochronenkarte der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie

| journal = Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik

| pages = 337

}} Where as Galton and the Bartholomews published maps depicting the days or weeks it took to travel long distances, Albrecht further developed the idea to not only depict long distances and world travel but also smaller areas. Penck also created a series of maps that only depict the travel times of a certain transportation mode, for example rail transport. Isochrone maps are commonly used in the UK in connection with development control.{{cite web | url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/towncentresguide.pdf | publisher=Department for Communities and Local Government | title=Planning for Town Centres; Practice guidance on need, impact and the sequential approach | date=December 2009 | access-date=March 26, 2012}}{{cite web | url=http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/supplementary_guidance/spg_other/transport-assessment.pdf | title=Transport Assessment; Guidelines for Development Proposals in Northern Ireland | publisher=Department for Regional Development | date=November 9, 2006 | access-date=March 26, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ltpnetwork.gov.uk/Documents/Document/technical%20guidance%20on%20accessibility%20planning%20in%20LTPs.pdf |publisher=Local Transport Planning Network |title=Technical Guidance on Accessibility Planning in Local Transport Plans |access-date=March 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120132057/http://www.ltpnetwork.gov.uk/Documents/Document/technical%20guidance%20on%20accessibility%20planning%20in%20LTPs.pdf |archive-date=November 20, 2007 }}{{cite web | url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/other/0118404857/0118404857.pdf | title=Barker Review of Land Use Planning | date=December 2006 | access-date=March 26, 2012 | author=Barker, Kate| author-link=Kate Barker }} Isochrones are currently typically computed by via generating shortest-path trees on network graphs, and then generating a convex hull around the accessible nodes. Increases in computation, data storage, and improvements in algorithms have facilitated the rapid generation of isochrones.{{Cite journal|last1=Bolzoni|first1=Paolo|last2=Helmer|first2=Sven|last3=Lachish|first3=Oded|date=2016|title=Fast Computation of Continental-Sized Isochrones|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71h533kp|journal=International Conference on GIScience Short Paper Proceedings|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.21433/B31171h533kp|doi-access=free}} Recent techniques in visualization include linking travel times to network edges to show the paths accessible from a point rather than show the area accessible from a point.

Isochrone and related maps are used to show the time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall.{{cite journal | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/2/265/1998/hess-2-265-1998.pdf | title=A grid-based distributed flood forecasting model for use with weather radar data: Part 1. Formulation | author=Bell, V. A. | journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences | year=1998 | volume=2 | issue=2/3 | pages=265–281 | doi=10.5194/hess-2-265-1998 | publisher=Copernicus Publications | author2=Moore, R. J.| bibcode=1998HESS....2..265B | doi-access=free }}{{cite book | title=Engineering Hydrology | publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill | author=Subramanya, K | year=2008 | page=298 | isbn=978-0070648555 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LROqKvHaRyMC&q=Clark%E2%80%99s+IUH+time-area+method+isochrone&pg=PA298}}{{cite web|url=http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/glossary/glu/EN/GF0705EN.HTM |title=EN 0705 isochrone map |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=March 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122145250/http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/glossary/glu/EN/GF0705EN.HTM |archive-date=November 22, 2012 }}{{cite web | url=http://www.websters-dictionary-online.org/definitions/Isochrone+map | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113224827/http://www.websters-dictionary-online.org/definitions/Isochrone+map | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 13, 2013 | title=Isochrone map | publisher=Webster's Online Dictionary | access-date=March 21, 2012 }} An early example of this method was demonstrated by Clark in 1945.{{cite web | url=http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/technology/gis/uhg_manual.html | title=Unit Hydrograph (UHG) Technical Manual | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date=March 21, 2012}}

Isochrone maps have been used in transportation planning since at least 1887.{{cite web|date=October 2013|title=Mapping Manchester project|url=http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/mappingmanchester/|access-date=May 5, 2014}}{{cite web|date=1911|title=Dissertation of Johannes Riedel|publisher=Thomas & Hubert |url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6044064_000}} Isochrone maps in the context of transport planning are essentially maps of accessibility where travel time is used as the cost metric. Isochrone maps can be created for different modes of transportation,{{cite conference | url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2063972&CFID=91078296&CFTOKEN=23380158 | title=Defining isochrones in multimodal spatial networks | access-date=March 21, 2012 | author=Gamper Johann | book-title=Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management | year=2011 | conference=CIKM | location=Glasgow | author2=Böhlen, Michael | author3=Cometti, Willi | author4=Innerebner, Markus | doi=10.1145/2063576.2063972 | isbn=9781450307178| url-access=subscription }} e.g. foot, bicycle, motor vehicle. Put simply, the output of an isochrone map for transport will show how far (in distance) is reachable from a start point, including the parameter of time.

Such maps for private motor transport were widely used in a 1972 study into airport accessibility in Hampshire, South East England.{{cite journal | url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/e-journals/jtep/pdf/Volume_V1_No_3_294-307.pdf | title=A Network Analysis of Airport Accessibility in South Hampshire | author=Armstrong, H. W. | journal=Journal of Transport Economics and Policy |date=September 1972 | volume=6 | issue=3 | pages=294–307 | issn=0022-5258}} At that time, their use was disadvantaged by being time-consuming to create.

The term isodapane map is used to refer to a map were the contour represent transportation cost instead of transportation time.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hacEc3-mITwC&pg=PA484|title=Industrial Economics: An Introductory Text Book|last=Barthwal|first=R. R.|date=2007|publisher=New Age International|isbn=9788122412789|language=en}}File:Toronto travel times from downtown.png

Journey time websites have been built using mapping technologies and open data.{{cite news | url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1422955_looking-for-the-best-commuter-route-to-salford-quays-stefan-in-berlin-can-help-with-that | title=Looking for the best commuter route to Salford Quays? Stefan in Berlin can help with that | work=Manchester Evening News | date=June 7, 2011 | access-date=March 22, 2012 | archive-date=June 14, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614083727/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1422955_looking-for-the-best-commuter-route-to-salford-quays-stefan-in-berlin-can-help-with-that | url-status=dead }}{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/feb/24/manchester-datastore-open-data-manchester | title=Greater Manchester datastore launched | work=The Guardian | date=February 24, 2011 | access-date=March 22, 2012 | author=Hartley, Sarah}} Isochrones can be used by house hunters wishing to evaluate residential areas.{{cite news|date=November 25, 2009|title=House-hunting goes hi-tech|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/house-and-home/property/househunting-goes-hitech-1826773.html|access-date=March 22, 2012}} An isochrone map of the London Underground network was made available in 2007.{{cite web | url=http://blog.howtodobusiness.com/2007/07/25/getting-about-isochrone-map-of-london-underground/ | title=Getting about – Isochrone map of London Underground | publisher=howtodobusiness.com | date=July 25, 2007 | access-date=March 21, 2012 | author=DrAlanRae | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417234937/http://blog.howtodobusiness.com/2007/07/25/getting-about-isochrone-map-of-london-underground/ | archive-date=April 17, 2012 | url-status=dead }}

Several digital tools exist which can generate isochrone maps.

openstreetmap-based solutions:{{Cite web|title=Isochrone – OpenStreetMap Wiki|url=https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Isochrone|access-date=2021-09-09|website=wiki.openstreetmap.org}} 50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Unported] license.

• CommuteTimeMap – Build and visualize isochrones worldwidehttps://commutetimemap.com/
• Geoapify Isochrone API – API service to build isochrones for drive, truck, bicycle, walk and transit modes. Worldwide.https://www.geoapify.com/isoline-api
• GraphHopper[https://github.com/graphhopper/graphhopper/blob/master/docs/web/api-doc.md#isochrone][https://github.com/graphhopper/graphhopper/pull/1237] can be used to calculate a detailed time information for every point within a certain time or distance reach.
• GRASS v.net.iso modulehttps://grass.osgeo.org/
• instaGIS{{cite web|title=instaGIS: Discovering Isochrones|url=http://blog.instagis.com/2013/09/discovering-isochrones/|access-date=1 September 2014|publisher=instaGIS}}
• Iso4App – Public Transport Isochrone maps (Isochrones based on GTFS data)http://www.iso4app.net/
• Mapbox Isochrone APIhttps://docs.mapbox.com/api/navigation/isochrone/ (interactive Mapbox examplehttps://docs.mapbox.com/playground/isochrone/ )
• Mapumental
• OpenRouteService Isochrones Service – uses OSM data and map, shows isochrones worldwide (no source code available)https://openrouteservice.org/dev/#/api-docs/isochrones
• OpenTripPlanner – a development branch has work on an Analytics Extension, which currently provides isochrones based on the OSM network and GTFS data (source code available)https://www.opentripplanner.org/
• OSRM Isochrone – Generate drivetime isochrones from OSM using OSRM.https://github.com/mapbox/osrm-isochrone
• pgRouting – The creation of journey time isochrones to airports in Finland has been explained using the GIS software QGIS and pgRouting (an extension of PostGIS).{{cite web | url=http://underdark.wordpress.com/2011/02/12/drive-time-isochrones/ | title=Drive Time Isochrones – An Example Using Finnish Airports | date=February 12, 2011 | access-date=March 22, 2012 | author=Graser, Anita}}
• pysochrone is a Python script and simple web interface for computing and displaying isochrones from an OGR-supported data source (e.g. PostGIS)https://github.com/joshdoe/pysochrone
• Reachability Analysis – An application (built using WhereOS and OSM data) which calculates reachability (isochrone) from given set of addresses.https://apps.whereos.com/a/Reachability_Analysis/
• Safe Routes to School Mapping Toolkit – working to create travel distance/time web app for pedestrians and bicyclists using OSM data (source code available)
• TargomoAPI – Travel times, Routing, Points of Interests, Isochroneshttps://www.targomo.com/developers/ – developer tools to build state-of-the-art geospatial analytics applications, enhance location search, and personalize user experience. (Interactive Demohttps://app.targomo.com/demo/#!/ )
• TravelTime API{{Cite web|date=2016-07-09|title=Using the TravelTime Search API to Generate an Isochrone|url=https://www.gislounge.com/using-traveltime-search-api-generate-isochrone/|access-date=2020-06-22|website=GIS Lounge|language=en-US}} Uses some OSM Data and has a free isochrone generator tool using public transport, cycling, walking, driving and combined bike and train. Available as a plugin for QGIShttps://docs.traveltime.com/qgis/about/reference-manual and ArcGIS.https://docs.traveltime.com/arcgis/about/overview
• Valhalla isochrone servicehttps://valhalla.github.io/valhalla/api/isochrone/api-reference/
• Walkscore Travel Time API – uses GTFS and OSM data for maps of Seattle, San Francisco, and Washington DC. Built on the open source Graphserver library. (no source)https://www.walkscore.com/professional/travel-time-api.php
• WNYC Transit Time – public transit isochrones for NYChttps://project.wnyc.org/transit-time/
• Stadia Maps Isochrone API (tutorialhttps://docs.stadiamaps.com/tutorials/display-isochrones-on-a-map/ with an interactive JSFiddle)https://docs.stadiamaps.com/routing/isochrones/

GTFS-based solutions:

• Mapnificent{{cite news|author=N.B.|date=Jun 5, 2011|title=A time-based transit map|newspaper=The Economist|location=London|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2011/06/mapnificent|access-date=March 22, 2012}}{{cite news|author=O'Brien, Terrence|date=August 5, 2011|title=Mapnificent visualizes public transportation travel time, is more exciting than it sounds|work=Engadget|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/08/05/mapnificent-visualizes-public-transportation-travel-time-is-mor/|access-date=March 22, 2012}}

Proprietary data solutions:

• Google Maps API
• PedCatch

• Daily urban system
• Public transport timetable
• Traffic congestion map
• Transit map
• Walking distance measure

{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}

{{commons category|Isochrone maps}}

• [https://datavizcatalogue.com/blog/isochrone-maps/ Further Exploration #9: Isochrone Maps (Travel Time Maps)]
• [https://mdweaver.github.io/times_year/ Travel time between American counties: 1880 and 1900]

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