jojoba oil

Image:JojobaOil.png

Jojoba oil ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-US-Jojoba.ogg|h|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|b|ə}}) is the liquid produced in the seed of the Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba){{cite journal |last1=Sturtevant |first1=Drew |last2=Lu |first2=Shaoping |last3=Zhou |first3=Zhi-Wei |last4=Shen |first4=Yin |last5=Wang |first5=Shuo |last6=Song |first6=Jia-Ming |last7=Zhong |first7=Jinshun |last8=Burks |first8=David J. |last9=Yang |first9=Zhi-Quan |last10=Yang |first10=Qing-Yong |last11=Cannon |first11=Ashley E. |last12=Herrfurth |first12=Cornelia |last13=Feussner |first13=Ivo |last14=Borisjuk |first14=Ljudmilla |last15=Munz |first15=Eberhard |last16=Verbeck |first16=Guido F. |last17=Wang |first17=Xuexia |last18=Azad |first18=Rajeev K. |last19=Singleton |first19=Brenda |last20=Dyer |first20=John M. |last21=Chen |first21=Ling-Ling |last22=Chapman |first22=Kent D. |last23=Guo |first23=Liang |title=The genome of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis): A taxonomically isolated species that directs wax ester accumulation in its seeds |journal=Science Advances |date=13 March 2020 |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=eaay3240 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay3240 |pmid=32195345 |pmc=7065883 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.3240S }} plant, a shrub, which is native to southern Arizona, southern California, and northwestern Mexico. The oil makes up approximately 50% of the jojoba seed by weight.{{cite report | vauthors = Undersander DJ, Oelke EA, Kaminski AR, Doll JD, Putnam DH, Combs SM, Hanson CV | title = Jojoba | work = Alternative field crops manual | publisher = University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension. | url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/jojoba.html |year=1990 }} The terms "jojoba oil" and "jojoba wax" are often used interchangeably because the wax visually appears to be a mobile oil, but as a wax it is composed almost entirely (~97%) of mono-esters of long-chain fatty acids (wax ester) and alcohols (isopropyl jojobate), accompanied by only a tiny fraction of triglyceride esters. This composition accounts for its extreme shelf-life stability and extraordinary resistance to high temperatures, compared with true vegetable oils.

History

The O'odham Native American tribe extracted the oil from jojoba seeds to treat sores and wounds. The collection and processing of the seed from naturally occurring stands marked the beginning of jojoba domestication in the early 1970s.

In 1943, natural resources of the U.S, including the jojoba oil, were used during war as additives to motor oil, transmission oil, and differential gear oil. Machine guns were lubricated and maintained with jojoba.{{Cite journal|last=Gentry|first=Howard Scott | name-list-style = vanc |date=1958-01-01|title=The Natural History of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) and Its Cultural Aspects|jstor=4287990|journal=Economic Botany|volume=12|issue=3|pages=261–295|doi=10.1007/bf02859772|s2cid=20974482 }}

Appearance

Unrefined jojoba oil appears as a clear golden liquid at room temperature with a slightly nutty odor. Refined jojoba oil is colorless and odorless. The melting point of jojoba oil is approximately {{cvt|10|C}}{{cite web|title=AOCS Method Cc 18-80 |url=http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=170&process=view |access-date=2006-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003533/http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=170&process=view |archive-date=2007-03-13 |url-status=dead |publisher=The American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS)}} and the iodine value is approximately 80.{{cite web |title=AOCS Method Cd 1-25 |url=http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=192&process=view |access-date=2006-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003543/http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=192&process=view |archive-date=2007-03-13 |publisher=The American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) }} Jojoba oil is relatively shelf-stable when compared with other vegetable oils mainly because it contains few triglycerides, unlike most other vegetable oils such as grape seed oil and coconut oil.{{cite journal |title=Acute Effects of Transdermal Administration of Jojoba Oil on Lipid Metabolism in Mice |journal= Medicina|date=2019 |pmc=6780807 |last1=Matsumoto |first1=Y. |last2=Ma |first2=S. |last3=Tominaga |first3=T. |last4=Yokoyama |first4=K. |last5=Kitatani |first5=K. |last6=Horikawa |first6=K. |last7=Suzuki |first7=K. |volume=55 |issue=9 |page=594 |doi=10.3390/medicina55090594 |doi-access=free |pmid=31540183 }} It has an oxidative stability index of approximately 60,{{cite web |title=AOCS Method Cd 12b-92 |url=http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=405&process=view |access-date=2006-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003623/http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=405&process=view |archive-date=2007-03-13 |publisher=The American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) }} which means that it is more shelf-stable than safflower oil, canola oil, almond oil, or squalene but less than castor oil and coconut oil.

Chemistry

class="wikitable" \|+ Physical properties
Freezing point \| 7-10.6 °C{{cite book \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b8t59-2bLUMC&pg=PA24 \| first = Jaime \| last = Wisniak \| name-list-style = vanc \| title = The chemistry and technology of jojoba oil \| page = 24 \| publisher = The American Oil Chemists Society \| date = 1987 \| isbn = 978-0-935315-17-2 }}{{cite book \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QDS8URpY4zYC&pg=PA168 \| first = Nasir \| last = El Bassam \| name-list-style = vanc \| date = 1998 \| title = Energy Plant Species: Their Use and Impact on Environment and Development \| page = 168 \| publisher = Earthscan \| isbn = 978-1-873936-75-7 }}
Refractive index \| 1.4650 at 25 °C
Specific gravity \| 0.863 at 25 °C
Smoke point \| 195 °C
Flash point \| 295 °C
Iodine number \| 82
Viscosity \| 48 SUS at 99 °C 127 SUS at 37.8 °C
Viscosity index \| 190-230{{cite book \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gLSt4EiTYzgC&pg=PA246 \| vauthors = Heilweil IJ \| title = Review of Lubricant Properties of Jojoba Oil and its Derivatives \| year = 1988 \| publisher = The American Oil Chemists Society \| isbn = 978-0-935315-22-6 }}

class="wikitable"

|+ Physical properties

Freezing point

| 7-10.6 °C{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b8t59-2bLUMC&pg=PA24 | first = Jaime | last = Wisniak | name-list-style = vanc | title = The chemistry and technology of jojoba oil | page = 24 | publisher = The American Oil Chemists Society | date = 1987 | isbn = 978-0-935315-17-2 }}{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QDS8URpY4zYC&pg=PA168 | first = Nasir | last = El Bassam | name-list-style = vanc | date = 1998 | title = Energy Plant Species: Their Use and Impact on Environment and Development | page = 168 | publisher = Earthscan | isbn = 978-1-873936-75-7 }}

| 1.4650 at 25 °C

| 0.863 at 25 °C

| 195 °C

| 295 °C

| 82

| 48 SUS at 99 °C

127 SUS at 37.8 °C

Viscosity index

| 190-230{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gLSt4EiTYzgC&pg=PA246 | vauthors = Heilweil IJ | title = Review of Lubricant Properties of Jojoba Oil and its Derivatives | year = 1988 | publisher = The American Oil Chemists Society | isbn = 978-0-935315-22-6 }}

Fatty acid \|\|Carbon atoms:double bonds\|\|Position(s) of double bond\|\|Percentage (mole fraction)
class="wikitable" \|+Fatty-acid content{{cite journal \|last1=Busson-Breysse \|first1=J. \|last2=Farines \|first2=M. \|last3=Soulier \|first3=J. \|title=Jojoba wax: Its esters and some of its minor components \|journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society \|date=September 1994 \|volume=71 \|issue=9 \|pages=999–1002 \|doi=10.1007/BF02542268 }}
Palmitic acid	C16:0	-	0.3
Palmitoleic acid	C16:1	9	0.3
Stearic acid	C18:0	-	0.2
Oleic acid	C18:1	9	9.3
Arachidic acid	C20:0	-	-
11-Eicosenoic acid	C20:1	11	76.7
Behenic acid	C22:0	-	trace
Erucic acid	C22:1	13	12.1
Lignoceric acid	C24:0	-	0.1
Nervonic acid	C24:1	15	1.0

The fatty acid content of Jojoba oil can vary significantly depending on the soil and climate in which the plant is grown, as well as when it is harvested and how the oil is processed. In general, it contains a high proportion of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, primarily 11-Eicosenoic acid (gondoic acid).

Uses

Being derived from a plant that is slow-growing and difficult to cultivate, jojoba oil is mainly used for small-scale applications such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.{{cite encyclopedia | vauthors = Wolfmeier U, Schmidt H, Heinrichs FL, Michalczyk G, Payer W, Dietsche W, Boehlke K, Hohner G, Wildgruber J |chapter=Waxes |encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |publisher=Wiley-VCH |place=Weinheim |year=2002 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a28_103|isbn=3527306730 }}. Overall, it is used as a replacement for whale oil and its derivatives, such as cetyl alcohol. The ban on importing whale oil to the U.S. in 1971 led to the discovery that jojoba oil is "in many regards superior to sperm whale oil for applications in the cosmetics and other industries".

Jojoba oil is found as an additive in many cosmetic products, especially those marketed as being made from natural ingredients.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} In particular, such products commonly containing jojoba are lotions and moisturizers, hair shampoos and conditioners.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Like olestra, jojoba oil is edible but non-caloric and non-digestible, meaning the oil will pass out of the intestines unchanged and can mimic steatorrhea—a health condition characterized by the inability to digest or absorb normal dietary fats. Thus, this indigestible oil is present in the stool, but does not indicate an intestinal disease. If consumption of jojoba oil is discontinued in a healthy person, the indigestible oil in the stool will disappear. Jojoba oil also contains approximately 12.1% of the fatty acid erucic acid that would appear to have toxic effects on the heart at high enough doses, if it were digestible.{{cite journal |last1=Place |first1=A. R. |title=Comparative aspects of lipid digestion and absorption: physiological correlates of wax ester digestion |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology |date=September 1992 |volume=263 |issue=3 |pages=R464–R471 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.R464 |pmid=1415629 }}

Photo gallery

File:Flickr - brewbooks - Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba).jpg|Plant

File:Jojoba-weibliche-blüte.JPG|Female flower

File:Simmondsia chinensis male flower.jpg|Male flower

File:Jojoba.jpg|Fruits

File:Jojoba.seed.jpg|Seed

References

External links

[http://ijec.net/ International Jojoba Export Council]
{{ cite conference | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-247.html |author1=Naqvi, H.H.|author2=I.P. Ting | year=1990 | title=Jojoba: A unique liquid wax producer from the American desert | pages=247–251 | book-title=Advances in new crops | publisher=Timber Press, Portland, OR }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206191531/http://www.jojobassaf.com/jojoba_oil.php Description and chemical structure of jojoba oil]
[http://www.motherearthnews.com/Nature-Community/1977-11-01/Jojoba.aspx Can This Unassuming Little Desert Shrub Really Save The World?] - The first article from 1977

Category:Waxes

Category:Vegetable oils

Category:Cosmetics chemicals

Category:Components and derivatives of jojoba