joke theft#Recourse and consequences

{{Short description|Repetition of other people's original jokes without credit}}

Joke theft is the act of performing and taking credit for comic material written or performed by another person without their consent and without acknowledging the other person's authorship. This may be a form of plagiarism and can, in some cases, be copyright infringement. A comic who is known to steal jokes may be labelled with the epithet "hack" by other comics. A "hack comic" uses material that is unoriginal or which is blatantly copied from its original author.

Some cases of alleged joke theft are ambiguous, due to the possibility of simultaneous and coincidental discovery. Some comics have defended their re-use of other people's jokes as satire or as a calque (word-for-word translation). Other comics have claimed that their re-use was a type of "borrowing," or taking inspiration.

History

=Vaudeville years=

In music halls and vaudeville, it was common for performers to "borrow" material. According to Milton Berle, etiquette only required that "the borrower add to the joke and make it his own".Berle, Milton (1989) Private joke file, Introduction, p. xxiii, quotation: {{quotation|Of course, in the days of vaudeville, it wasn't uncommon for a performer to "borrow" a joke from another performer. Etiquette demanded only that the borrower add to the joke and make it his own. Bert Williams, a star of the Ziegfeld Follies, pilfered a story about fish and added enough laughs to turn it into a classic fifteen-minute routine. Naturally, that routine happens to be in my file.}} At the time there were few chances that a performer from one area would meet one from another and a single twenty-minute set could sustain a comic for a decade. Most jokes at the time were one-liners and there was little in the way of proof of a joke's origin, but the value of each joke was immeasurable to a comedian.{{cite web

|url =http://www.radaronline.com/from-the-magazine/2007/02/take_the_funny_and_run_1.php

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217031356/http://www.radaronline.com/from-the-magazine/2007/02/take_the_funny_and_run_1.php

|title=Take the Funny and Run

|date=2007-02-14

|access-date = 2010-01-12

|author = Larry Getlen

|archive-date = 2007-02-17

|work = Radar

}}

Berle and Bob Hope had a long-standing feud due to Hope's accusation that Milton Berle had stolen some of his jokes. Berle never disputed the claim, but instead embraced the title "The Thief of Bad Gag".

Even the most famous of comics have found themselves, knowingly or unknowingly, stealing material. Bill Cosby admitted to stealing a joke by George Carlin involving an uneducated football player doing a television commercial. Cosby said that what makes the routine his own is the surreal phrase "little tiny hairs".{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-et-joketheft24jul24,1,6252669,full.story?coll=la-headlines-california&ctrack=5&cset=true |title=Funny, that was my joke |work=Los Angeles Times |last=Welkos |first=Robert W. |date=2007-07-24 |access-date=2009-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221013725/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-et-joketheft24jul24%2C1%2C6252669%2Cfull.story?coll=la-headlines-california&ctrack=5&cset=true |archive-date=21 December 2008 }}{{cite video|people=Cosby, Bill|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AikgyewBn8k |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725024451/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AikgyewBn8k&feature=PlayList&p=5F4E349A8619946C&index=5 |archive-date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead|title=Late Show with David Letterman – Bill Cosby's Race Against George Carlin|publisher=CBS|medium=TV|date=2009-06-01|access-date=2009-11-27}} Many years later, Carlos Mencia performed a bit about athletes and their parents that hearkened back to a Cosby bit from his album Bill Cosby: Himself.

=1970s=

In the 1970s, joke theft became more prominent with the boom in popularity of comedy. The 1980s and 1990s saw the popularity of stand-up comedy continue to increase. The advent of pay-cable networks afforded comics the opportunity to perform their routines unfettered. With this came a new type of joke theft in which the first comic to tell a stolen joke on some sort of media became the one associated with the joke.

Several comics accused Robin Williams of stealing their material. David Brenner claimed that he confronted Williams personally and threatened him with bodily harm if he heard Williams utter another one of his jokes.{{cite book | title=Comedy at the Edge | author=Richard Zoglin | year=2008 | publisher=Bloomsbury | isbn=978-1582346243 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/comedyatedgehows0000zogl }}

=1990s=

For many years, Denis Leary had been friends with fellow comedian Bill Hicks. However, when Hicks heard Leary's 1993 album No Cure For Cancer, he felt Leary had stolen his act and material, and the friendship ended abruptly as a result.{{cite book | title=Bill Hicks: Agent of Evolution | author=Kevin Booth and Michael Bertin | year=2005 | publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-00-719829-0}} At least three stand-up comedians have gone on the record stating they believe Leary stole not just some of Hicks' material but his persona and attitude.{{cite web | url=http://www.joerogan.net/main.php?archives=1&article=44170 |title=Carlos Mencia is a weak minded joke thief | author=Joe Rogan | publisher=JoeRogan.net | year=2005 | access-date=2006-10-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051218140900/http://www.joerogan.net/main.php?archives=1&article=44170 |archive-date = 2005-12-18}}{{cite interview |title=Joe Rogan answers 20 Questions | last=Rogan | first=Joe | work=Playboy |date=October 2003}}{{cite web | url=http://www.billhicks.com/darktimes/other/darktimes20/faq/faq.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320081614/http://www.billhicks.com/darktimes/other/darktimes20/faq/faq.html | title=Dark Times: Bill Hicks: Frequently Asked Questions | author=Tim McIntire | year=1998 | publisher=BillHicks.com | archive-date=2006-03-20 | access-date=2006-10-28}} As a result of this, it is claimed that after Hicks' death from pancreatic cancer, an industry joke began to circulate about Leary's transformation and subsequent success (roughly; "Question: Why is Denis Leary a star while Bill Hicks is unknown? Answer: Because there's no cure for cancer").

In a 2008 appearance on The Opie and Anthony Show, comedian Louis C.K. claimed that Leary stole his "I'm an asshole" routine, which was then expanded upon and turned into a hit song by Leary. On a later episode of the same show, Leary challenged this assertion by claiming that he (Leary) co-wrote the song with Chris Phillips.

In his memoir Gasping for Airtime, Jay Mohr admitted that he lifted an entire routine from Rick Shapiro's act for a 1995 Saturday Night Live sketch. He stated that Shapiro sued the show and was financially compensated, but Shapiro later disputed that he received any compensation.{{cite book|last1=Mohr|first1=Jay|title=Gasping for Airtime: Two Years in the Trenches of Saturday Night Live|date=2004|publisher=Hyperion Books|isbn=978-1401300067|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gaspingforairtim00mohr/page/276 276–79]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/gaspingforairtim00mohr/page/276}}

=2000s and 2010s=

Louis C.K. has maintained a rivalry with Dane Cook over three bits on Cook's album, Retaliation, that allegedly bear some resemblance to three bits on C.K.'s album Live in Houston. C.K. and Cook portray this rivalry with comedy and sincerity in an episode of C.K.'s series Louie.{{cite web | url = http://thecomicscomic.com/2011/08/05/dane-cook-confronts-louis-ck-in-an-honest-way-about-joke-theft-read-the-transcript-watch-the-video/ | title = Dane Cook confronts Louis CK in an honest way about joke theft. Read the transcript, watch the video! | access-date = 2011-12-12 | author = Sean L. McCarthy | date = 2011-10-26 | publisher = The Comic's Comic. }}

George Lopez has accused Carlos Mencia ("Menstealya") of plagiarizing his material and claimed that the two once had a physical altercation over the alleged plagiarism. Later, Joe Rogan publicly confronted Mencia, accusing him of stealing jokes from him and other comedians.{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Matt |date=2024-09-23 |title=Carlos Mencia Says Joe Rogan Has Been Accused of Stealing Jokes, Too: ‘This Is What You Started’ |url=https://www.cracked.com/article_43691_carlos-mencia-says-joe-rogan-has-been-accused-of-stealing-jokes-too-this-is-what-you-started.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Cracked.com |language=en}} Following this confrontation, Rogan was banned from The Comedy Store for several years.{{cite web|url=https://media.www.ucdadvocate.com/media/storage/paper538/news/2007/05/02/BonusBytes/Is.Carlos.Mencia.A.Thief-2891990.shtml |author=Goldyn, Debra |title=Is Carlos Mencia a thief? |work=Advocate |publisher=University of Colorado at Denver |date=2007-05-02 |access-date=2007-05-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007092111/http://media.www.ucdadvocate.com/media/storage/paper538/news/2007/05/02/BonusBytes/Is.Carlos.Mencia.A.Thief-2891990.shtml |archive-date=7 October 2007 }} However, fellow comedian Ted Sarnowski countered these claim and stated that it was he, not Lopez, who had originally penned the joke and that he had given Mencia permission to use it when he discovered that Lopez had stolen it.{{cite web|url=http://www.lacitybeat.com/cms/story/detail/?id=5264&IssueNum=199|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216161529/http://www.lacitybeat.com/cms/story/detail/?id=5264&IssueNum=199|archive-date=16 February 2008|author=Kozlowski, Carl|title=Carlos Mencia Just Said That|publisher=Los Angeles CityBeat|date=2007-03-29|url-status=usurped|access-date=2007-07-14}}

In France, many famous stand-up comedians (Gad Elmaleh, Jamel Debbouze, Tomer Sisley, Malik Bentalha, Mickael Quiroga, Yacine Belhousse, Arthur, Michel Leeb, {{ill|Walter (comedian)|lt=Walter|fr|Walter (humoriste)}}, Rémi Gaillard, Roland Magdane, Michael Youn, Mathieu Madénian, Olivier de Benoist) have been accused of plagiarism by the Facebook/Twitter/YouTube account {{ill|CopyComic|lt=CopyComic|fr|CopyComic}}.{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/06/22/frances-top-stand-up-comics-outed-plagerising-us-counterparts/| title= France's top stand-up comics outed for plagiarising US counterparts| author=Henry Samuel | work=The Telegraph| year=2019 | access-date=2019-08-27}}{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqPFL_-UpkO5O-rqPMHw8FQ| title= CopyComic| author=anonymous | publisher=anonymous | year=2019 | access-date=2019-08-27}}

In 2011, Australia's Got Talent contestant Jordan Paris presented an act of stand-up comedy and quickly proceeded to the semi-finals.Waters, G 2011, '[http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/entertainment/comedy/australias-got-plagiarism-ripoff-comic-exposed-20110526-1f50v.html Australia's Got Plagiarism: rip-off comic exposed]', Brisbane Times 26 May 2011 However, it was later revealed that he had plagiarised his jokes from comedians Lee Mack and Geoff Keith. The television network gave him a chance to redeem himself and allowed him to compete in the semi-finals using his own material. Paris' effort this time was self-deprecating, joking about his plagiarism and his large teeth. The first joke went well, but the rest went downhill. It was later found out that the joke that went well – "I just sacked my two writers – Copy and Paste" – had been done in 2009 by comedian Jeffrey Ross, about Brad Garrett, at a roast of Joan Rivers. Ross had said, "This guy has two writers, their names are Cut and Paste."Nancarrow, D 2011, [http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/oops-he-did-it-again-ripoff-comic-plunders-joke-about-plagiarism-20110629-1gq1d.html 'Oops. He did it again: Rip-off comic plunders joke about plagiarism'], Brisbane Times, 29 June 2010,

In January 2012, blogger and comedian Troy Holm was ridiculed on the social networking site Facebook{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Occupy-Troy-Holm/217011661714006 |title=Occupy Troy Holm |via=Facebook |access-date=2012-07-11}}{{Primary source inline|date=January 2022}} for stealing jokes and stories from comedian Doug Stanhope and posting them to his blog from 2010, claiming them as his own work,{{cite web |url=http://exmypa.blogspot.com/2010/07/working-hardprisondrug-war.html |title=Blog nicht gefunden |website=exmypa.blogspot.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701002315/http://exmypa.blogspot.com/2010/07/working-hardprisondrug-war.html |archive-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead}} including Stanhope's "Fuck someone uglier than you" routine,{{cite web|url=http://exmypa.blogspot.com/2010/07/fuck-someone-ugly.html |access-date=3 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103154727/http://exmypa.blogspot.com/2010/07/fuck-someone-ugly.html |archive-date=3 January 2012 |title=Fuck Someone Ugly|date=13 July 2010}} which was found on Stanhope's Acid Bootleg.{{cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Doug+Stanhope/ACID+Bootleg |title=ACID Bootleg – Doug Stanhope – Listen and discover music at |publisher=Last.fm |date=2012-06-26 |access-date=2012-07-11}} Troy Holm also plagiarized Stanhope's story of an encounter with a transsexual prostituteSicko nearly verbatim, substituting himself as Stanhope, and changing a few small details,{{cite web |url=http://exmypa.blogspot.com/2010/06/hooker-story-and-dmt-story.html |title=Blog nicht gefunden |website=exmypa.blogspot.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701001921/http://exmypa.blogspot.com/2010/06/hooker-story-and-dmt-story.html |archive-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead}} causing a backlash from Stanhope's fans. This catapulted Troy Holm into an internet icon which started the "Occupy Troy Holm" Movement. Stanhope commented on the Occupy Troy Holm Facebook page that "To the few people who seem to think this is overboard...and it is...I don't think that you know the levels to which this guy has been ripping me off. He didn't take a tit-fuck joke and use it as a status update. He's been living my entire life as though it was his, changing some names and then promoting with twitters... Look at his site and most the entirety of it is me, including the comments where he uses my stuff to pass as his own conversation. And on Twitter. So who is he ripping off for that stuff that isn't mine?"

As part of his website Stewart Lee hosts Plagiarists Corner where he cites examples from Jack Whitehall, Ricky Gervais, Hari Kondabolu, Simon Amstell, John Oliver using material similar to his own.{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Stewart|title=Plagiarists' Corner : Stewart Lee – 41st Best Standup Ever!|url=https://www.stewartlee.co.uk/plagiarists-corner/|access-date=2021-03-23|website=stewartlee.co.uk|language=en}}

In the 2010s, the widespread use of video camera-equipped smartphones led to an increase in unauthorized recordings of live comedy shows, some of which were shared online, which may have facilitated joke theft. Some comedians request that no unauthorized audio or video recordings be made of their shows to reduce joke theft.{{Citation|title=Joe Rogan Retires Carlos Mencia & Explains Why He Did It!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coEd9PxAszg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/coEd9PxAszg |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-03-23}}{{cbignore}}

In January 2016, Amy Schumer was accused of stealing jokes by comedians Tammy Pescatelli, Kathleen Madigan, and Wendy Liebman.{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/1/27/10839856/amy-schumer-joke-stealing|title=Amy Schumer's alleged joke stealing, explained|work=Vox|first=Alex|last=Abad-Santos|date=27 January 2016|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722210024/https://www.vox.com/2016/1/27/10839856/amy-schumer-joke-stealing|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2016/01/101506/amy-schumer-accused-stealing-jokes|title=Amy Schumer Accused of Stealing Jokes|work=Refinery29|first=Morgan|last=Baila|date=19 January 2016|access-date=20 October 2021}} Schumer denied the allegations.{{cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/amy-schumer-denies-joke-stealing-scandal/|title=Amy Schumer Denies Joke Stealing, Accuses Comedian Tammy Pescatelli of 'Trying to Get Something Going'|work=People|first=Karen|last=MizoguchiI|date=20 January 2016|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320211303/https://people.com/celebrity/amy-schumer-denies-joke-stealing-scandal/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/01/amy-schumer-responds-to-joke-theft-accusations.html|title=Amy Schumer Responds to Joke-Theft Accusations: 'I Have Never and Would Never Steal a Joke.'|work=Vulture|first=Jackson|last=McHenry|date=21 January 2016|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122090258/https://www.vulture.com/2016/01/amy-schumer-responds-to-joke-theft-accusations.html|url-status=live}} Other comedians, such as Marc Maron and Dave Rubin, defended Schumer.{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/1/30/10874906/marc-maron-amy-schumer|title=Marc Maron stands up for Amy Schumer: "This isn't about justice, it's about hate."|work=Vox|first=Alex|last=Abad-Santos|date=30 January 2016|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=31 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131082508/https://www.vox.com/2016/1/30/10874906/marc-maron-amy-schumer|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/01/22/is-amy-schumer-really-a-joke-thief.html|title=Is Amy Schumer Really a Joke Thief?|work=The Daily Beast|first=Lizzie|last=Crocker|date=22 January 2016|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124024856/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/01/22/is-amy-schumer-really-a-joke-thief.html|url-status=live}} Pescatelli later apologized, stating it had "gone too far" and was probably "parallel thinking".{{cite web|url=https://people.com/movies/amy-schumer-tammy-pescatelli-apologizes-for-accusing-comedian-of-joke-stealing/|title=Comedian Tammy Pescatelli Apologizes for Accusing Amy Schumer of Joke Stealing: 'She Has Every Right to Be Mad'|work=People|first=Jodi|last=Guglielmi|date=21 January 2016|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220110149/https://people.com/movies/amy-schumer-tammy-pescatelli-apologizes-for-accusing-comedian-of-joke-stealing/|url-status=live}}

In other media

Joke theft is not limited to stand-up comedy. Often jokes in film and television shows are taken from comics or even other media.

Dick Cavett wrote about joke theft in his autobiography. He'd written a bit about eating Chinese-German food and, an hour later, being hungry for power. After a few days of performing the bit, he discovered a column by Earl Wilson which attributed the joke to Rip Taylor. However, after calling Taylor to ask him to stop using the bit, he discovered that not only had Taylor never performed the bit, he had never even heard it and laughed heartily at the joke's humor. It was then that Cavett discovered that some journalists often falsely attribute jokes to the wrong comics.{{cite book | title=Cavett | url=https://archive.org/details/cavett00caverich | url-access=registration | author=Dick Cavett, Christopher Porterfield | year=1974| publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cavett00caverich/page/227 227–228]| isbn=978-0151161300}}

Cavett and Woody Allen often cited to each other the many instances of their jokes appearing in television shows without their permission, sometimes even falsely attributed to each other. Allen's jokes, when he still lacked access to television, were regularly stolen by top mainstream shows The Red Skelton Show and Laugh In.{{cite web|url=http://www.sheckymagazine.com/cavett.htm |title=Shecky! Interview: Dick Cavett! |publisher=Sheckymagazine.com |access-date=2012-07-11}} quotation: {{quotation|Woody's best lines would show up, while he was still confined to little Village clubs, on the Red Skelton show and that alleged entertainment, Laugh-In.}}

Several episodes of The Simpsons, including "Missionary: Impossible", "Treehouse of Horror XIII" and "The Italian Bob" have poked fun at Family Guy, implying that MacFarlane's show is guilty of stealing jokes and premises from The Simpsons. However, the producers of both shows have said that there is no serious feud between the two of them and their shows.{{cite web | url = http://www.avclub.com/content/node/47771 | title = Interview: Matt Groening | access-date = 2006-12-12 | author = Nathan Rabin | date = 2006-04-26 | work = The A.V. Club | publisher = Onion Inc. | quote = The rivalry is very affectionate...}}{{cite web|url=http://familyguy.tktv.net/news.html|title=Family Guy Timeline at familyguy.tktv.net|quote=You know, it's funny. Matt Groening and I actually have a great relationship...}}

Radar magazine published a cartoon of actor Leslie Nielsen holding a shoe phone in an article discussing the many jokes in The Naked Gun film series lifted verbatim from the television series Get Smart. The column quoted Jerry Zucker’s defense how there are only “a finite number of jokes” making overlap inevitable, but the same article cited copycat gags also lifted from The Pink Panther films and other sources. The director of Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult conceded the Naked Gun films were “… a bit of an homage to Get Smart”{{cite web|url=https://www.firstshowing.net/2008/exclusive-interview-with-get-smarts-director-peter-segal/|title=Interview with Get Smart's Director Peter Segal|work=First Showing|accessdate=March 14, 2008}} but neither Buck Henry or Leonard Stern of the original series felt flattered with the former claiming “Get Smart was used as a guide track for those Naked Gun movies.” {{cite web|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2008/09/18/buck-henry-how-get-smart-was-born/|title=Buck Henry: How Get Smart Was Born|work=The Orange County Register|date=18 September 2008 |accessdate=September 18, 2008}}

In 2017 Australian television show host Grant Denyer was interviewed on Triple M Sydney radio programme The Grill Team. In the interview, The Grill Team{{'}}s co-host Matty Johns told an amusing anecdote about introducing a child to the board game Test Match. Later that morning, Grant Denyer was interviewed on the radio programme The Kyle & Jackie O Show on KIIS 106.5. In that interview, he told the same anecdote about Test Match, passing it off as his own.{{cite web | url = https://au.be.yahoo.com/entertainment/celebrity/a/34283262/grant-denyer-banned-from-triple-m-and-kiis-fm-radio-stations-for-stealing-story-yahoo7-be/#page1 | title = Grant Denyer Banned From Triple M and KIIS FM Radio Stations For Stealing Story | access-date = 2017-01-28 | first = Leah | last = Cohen | date = 2017-01-28 | work = Yahoo7Be | publisher = Yahoo!7 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042352/https://au.be.yahoo.com/entertainment/celebrity/a/34283262/grant-denyer-banned-from-triple-m-and-kiis-fm-radio-stations-for-stealing-story-yahoo7-be/ |archive-date = 2017-11-11 |url-status = dead }}

Recourse and consequences

There is, historically, very little legal recourse taken in cases of joke theft.{{Cite web|last=Horn|first=Ollie|title=Can you copyright a joke?|url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/correspondents/2020/05/15/46112/can_you_copyright_a_joke%3F?|website=Chortle}} Some comics, however, have chosen to exact their own justice. W. C. Fields reportedly paid fifty dollars to have a thieving comic's legs broken.

"You have a better chance of stopping a serial killer than a serial thief in comedy," said comedian David Brenner. "If we could protect our jokes, I'd be a retired billionaire in Europe somewhere – and what I just said is original."{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-24-et-joketheft24-story.html|title=Funny, that was my joke|last=Welkos|first=Robert W.|date=2007-07-24|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-05-10|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}

According to a 2018 study in the American Sociological Review, "most instances of possible joke theft are ambiguous, owing to the potential for simultaneous and coincidental discovery," and it observes that accusations of joke theft can reflect peers' perceptions of a suspicious comic's membership in the stand-up community and overall craft as much as the similarity between jokes.{{Cite journal|last=Reilly|first=Patrick|date=2018-08-17|title=No Laughter among Thieves: Authenticity and the Enforcement of Community Norms in Stand-Up Comedy|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=83|issue=5|language=en|pages=933–958|doi=10.1177/0003122418791174|s2cid=149515625|issn=0003-1224|url=http://osf.io/qcdgy/|url-access=subscription}}