jouissance

{{Psychoanalysis|Schools}}English editions of the works of Jacques Lacan have generally left jouissance untranslated in order to help convey its specialised usage.Dylan Evans, An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis Lacan first developed his concept of an opposition between jouissance and the pleasure principle in his Seminar "The Ethics of Psychoanalysis" (1959–1960). Lacan considered that "there is a jouissance beyond the pleasure principle"Lacan, p. 184 linked to the partial drive. Yet according to Lacan, the result of transgressing the pleasure principle is not more pleasure, but instead pain, since there is only a certain amount of pleasure that the subject can bear. In his later seminar "The Other Side of Psychoanalysis" (1969–1970), Lacan introduced the concept of "surplus-enjoyment" (French plus-de-jouir) inspired by Marx's concept of surplus-value: he considered objet petit a as the excess of jouissance, which has no use value, and which persists for the mere sake of jouissance.

Lacan considered that jouissance is essentially phallic, meaning that it does not relate to the "Other" as such. In his seminar "Encore" (1972–1973), however, Lacan introduced the idea of specifically feminine jouissance, saying that women have "in relation to what the phallic function designates of jouissance, a supplementary jouissance...a jouissance of the body which is...beyond the phallus".Quoted in J. Mitchell/J. Rose eds., Feminine Sexuality (1982) p. 145. This feminine jouissance is ineffable, for both women and men may experience it, yet know nothing about it.{{Citation needed|reason=feminine jouissance is exclusive, if it is available to men, it would be men who are sexuated as woman|date=September 2020}} Jane Gallop has noted that "it is impossible to give an adequate translation of jouissance", adding that it is crucial "not to assimilate it, but to retain its foreignness."{{Cite journal|last=Gallop|first=Jane|date=1984-07-01|title=Beyond the Jouissance Principle|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/representations/article/doi/10.2307/2928458/67341/Beyond-the-Jouissance-Principle|journal=Representations|language=en|volume=7|issue=7 |pages=110–115|doi=10.2307/2928458|jstor=2928458 |issn=0734-6018|url-access=subscription}}

The Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek, a known Lacanian theorist, has adopted the term in his philosophy; it also plays an important role in the work of Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes.

In his 1973 literary theory book The Pleasure of the Text, Barthes divides the effects of texts into two: plaisir (translated as "pleasure") and jouissance. The distinction corresponds to a further distinction Barthes makes between "readerly" and "writerly" texts. The pleasure of the text corresponds to the readerly text, which does not challenge the reader's position as a subject. The writerly text provides bliss, which explodes literary codes and allows the reader to break out of his or her subject position.

For Barthes plaisir is, "a pleasure... linked to cultural enjoyment and identity, to the cultural enjoyment of identity, to a homogenising movement of the ego."Barthes, Roland. "The Death of the Author." Image—Music—Text. Trans. and ed. Stephen Heath. New York: Hill, 1977 As Richard Middleton puts it, "Plaisir results, then, from the operation of the structures of signification through which the subject knows himself or herself; jouissance fractures these structures."Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. {{ISBN|0-335-15275-9}}.

The French feminist writer Hélène Cixous uses the term jouissance to describe a form of women's pleasure or sexual rapture that combines mental, physical and spiritual aspects of female experience, bordering on mystical communion: "explosion, diffusion, effervescence, abundance...takes pleasure (jouit) in being limitless".Quoted in E. D. Ermarth, Sequel to History (1992) p. 160. Originally in Cixous, Hélène and Catherine Clément: The newly born woman. Translation by Betsy Wing, p. 91. Cixous maintains that jouissance is the source of a woman's creative power and that the suppression of jouissance prevents women from finding their own fully empowered voice.[http://www.engl.niu.edu/wac/cixous_intro.html Introduction to Cixous] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040409090818/http://www.engl.niu.edu/wac/cixous_intro.html |date=2004-04-09 }}{{cite book|title=Understanding Popular Culture|author=J. Fiske|publisher=Routledge|year=1989}} The concept of jouissance is explored by Cixous and other authors in their writings on Écriture féminine, a strain of feminist literary theory that originated in France in the early 1970s.

Other feminists have argued that Freudian "hysteria" is jouissance distorted by patriarchal culture and say that jouissance is a transcendent state that represents freedom from oppressive linearities. In her introduction to Cixous' The Newly Born Woman, literary critic Sandra Gilbert writes: "to escape hierarchical bonds and thereby come closer to what Cixous calls jouissance, which can be defined as a virtually metaphysical fulfillment of desire that goes far beyond [mere] satisfaction... [It is a] fusion of the erotic, the mystical, and the political."Gilbert, Sandra M. Introduction. The Newly Born Woman. By Hélène Cixous and Catherine Clement, 1975. Trans. Betsy Wing. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.

{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• Emphyteutic lease
• Joie de vivre
• Limerence
• Limit-experience
• Narcissistic elation
• Sexual fetishism
• The Real

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{{Reflist|2|}}

{{Wiktionary}}

• [https://www.lacanonline.com/2015/07/what-does-lacan-say-about-jouissance/ What Does Lacan Say About Jouissance? Article on LacanOnline.com]
• [http://www.enotes.com/jouissance-lacan-reference/jouissance-lacan Marie-Christine Laznik, Jouissance (Lacan)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520121323/http://www.enotes.com/jouissance-lacan-reference/jouissance-lacan |date=2013-05-20 }}
• [http://www.lacan.com/zizwoman Slavoj Zizek: Lacan's Formulas of Sexuation]
• [http://www.lacan.com/frameXIV7.htm Josefina Ayerza: Comme des garçons]

{{Women in Media}}

Category:Psychoanalytic terminology

Category:Jacques Lacan

Category:Philosophy of sexuality

Category:Feminism and the arts

Category:French words and phrases