juggling pattern

The variety of juggling patterns is extensive. Most patterns involve three or more objects and the props used can include balls, rings and clubs among other props.{{cite book|last1=Dancey|first1=Charlie|title=Compendium of Club Juggling|date=1995|publisher=Butterfingers|location=Bath|isbn=1-898591-14-8}}{{cite book|last1=Dancey|first1=Charlie|title=Encyclopedia of Ball Juggling|date=2001|publisher=Butterfingers|location=Devon|isbn=1-898591-13-X}} The basic patterns of toss juggling are the cascade, the shower and the fountain.

File:3-ball cascade movie.gif

{{Main article|Cascade (juggling)}}

Possibly the simplest juggling pattern to execute,Bernstein, Nicholai A. (1996). Dexterity and Its Development, p.379. {{ISBN|9781410603357}}. the cascade{{cite web|title=How to Juggle|url=http://juggling-for-beginners.com/how-to-juggle/|access-date=23 January 2012}} is a symmetrical pattern performed with an odd number of props greater than or equal to three, with each hand alternately throwing arching throws of equal height to the opposite hand. The cascade is generally performed with the balls caught to the outside of the throws, with the inverse known as a reverse cascade.

Many tricks or patterns are generated from mixing cascade and reverse cascade throws. For example, tennis (siteswap: 3{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=JugglersTennis|title=Juggler's Tennis|access-date=July 8, 2014}}) one ball is thrown over (reverse) while the other two are thrown under (inside).

File:Douche3b.gif

{{Main article|Shower (juggling)}}

This pattern can be performed with any number of props greater than or equal to two. Quite often the first pattern attempted by non-jugglers, the shower has props following a "circular" path, with one hand throwing arcing throws of equal height to the opposite hand, and one throwing balls in a horizontal path to the other hand. Showers can be executed in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions, and both asynchronously and synchronously.

Similar to the shower pattern, a half shower pattern (siteswap: 3{{efn|name=three}}{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=Half-Shower|title=Half-Shower|access-date=July 8, 2014}}) is any pattern where both hands throw arcing cascade-like throws to the other hand, but the props from one hand always pass above the props from the other hand. The half shower may be performed with any number of props greater than or equal to three, and with more than four props, different versions of the half shower with varying heights of throw may be executed, even without taking into account both synchronous and asynchronous variations.

Half showers where hands throw at notably different heights may be executed with cascade-style inside throws; this style of half shower is popular in club juggling, where they go by the name of triple-doubles or double-singles due to the higher clubs naturally spinning a greater number of times than the lower clubs.

File:4-ball juggling.gif

{{Main article|Fountain (juggling)}}

Performed using an even number of props greater than or equal to four, the fountain is a symmetrical pattern where each hand independently juggles exactly half the total number of props, i.e. each hand always throws to itself. As with the cascade, a fountain where the throws are to the outside of the catches is known as a reverse fountain (siteswap: 4"[http://www.libraryofjuggling.com/Tricks/4balltricks/ReverseFountain.html Reverse Fountain]", LibraryofJuggling.com. Accessed July 8, 2014.). A fountain where only one hand juggles is generally known as an n in one hand, where n is the number of props juggled. Unlike the cascade, fountains can be performed both synchronously (each hand throws at the same time) and asynchronously (hands throw alternately)

{{anchor|Two-in-one}}{{anchor|Two in one}}

File:3-ball Columns.gif

{{Main article|Columns (juggling)}}

Although various versions of this pattern exist, a columns pattern can be defined as one where the props follow vertical paths through the air. Columns can be performed with any number of props greater than or equal to two. The simplest version of this pattern, two-in-one, uses two balls in one hand while the simplest version of this pattern with three props which are thrown in three equally spaced columns, where the two outside props are thrown simultaneously, with the central prop thrown when the other two are caught. A Mills mess juggled in columns is known as a Boston mess (siteswap: 3{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=BostonMess|title=Boston Mess|access-date=July 8, 2014}}).

File:Juggling trick 3b box.gif

{{Main article|Box (juggling)}}

Box patterns are juggling patterns that combine vertical, columns-like throws with horizontal throws, such as in the shower pattern. Box patterns are so named due to the props in the pattern apparently tracing several sides of a box in the air, and can be performed with any number of props greater than or equal to two, synchronously (see right) or asynchronously (e.g. 612).

{{anchor|441|half box}}

File:Juggling 441.gif

The half-box (siteswap: 441{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=Half-Box%28441%29|title=Half-Box|access-date=July 8, 2014|quote=There have been attempts at giving it a name (some have tried to call it Parallel Schizophrenic), but none of them have stuck.}}) is similar to the box and two in one hand. Described as, "not terribly difficult....the simplest non-obvious site-swap seems to be 441; it is similar to, but not the same as, the common 3-ball pattern of throwing balls up on the side while passing a ball back and forth underneath in a shower pass from hand to hand."Borwein, Jonathan M.; ed. (1997). Buhler, Eisenbud, Graham, Wright. "Juggling Drops and Descents", Organic Mathematics: Proceedings of the Organic Mathematics Workshop, December 12–14, 1995, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, p.141. American Mathematical Soc. {{ISBN|9780821806685}}.

File:3-ball Mills mess.gif

{{Main article|Mills mess}}

The Mills mess (named after one of its originators, Steve Mills

{{cite book |title=Charlie Dancey's Compendium of Club Juggling |last=Dancey |first=Charlie |year=1995 |publisher=Butterfingers Books |location=UK |isbn=1-898591-14-8 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8YcAQAAIAAJ&q=%22steve+mills%22+mess |access-date=December 13, 2010}}{{cite journal |author=Arthur Lewbel |date=Winter 1994–1995 |volume=46 |issue=4 |title=Academic Juggler - A Messy History and Other Academic Notes |journal=Juggler's World |page=31 |publisher=International Jugglers' Association |url=http://www.juggle.org/history/archives/jugmags/46-4/46-4,p31.htm |access-date=December 13, 2010 |quote=Apparently [Ron] Graham experimented with many patterns that crossed hands or changed direction in the Mess way, some of which were likely to be close to the current Mess: Steve studied Ron's patterns, and other jugglers as well, including films of Vaudeville jugglers. From this stew, the Mess emerged. Ron and Steve juggled at the YMCA in Morristown, N.J., when the mess was created, but the name "Mills Mess" was given to this trick some years later on the West coast by Ed Jackman, Barrett Felker, and/or Norm Johnson. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717171207/http://www.juggle.org/history/archives/jugmags/46-4/46-4,p31.htm |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=dead }}) is a symmetrical pattern performed with any number of props greater than or equal to three, in which the arms cross and uncross throwing the props from toward the centre of the pattern in groups of three. In a Mills mess pattern with an odd number of props, each throw is from one hand to the other, whereas with an even number of props, each hand independently juggles half of the props. Thus, a Mills mess can be considered to be a cascade or fountain but with the cross-armed movements.

{{anchor|Burke's Barrage}}

{{anchor|Burke's Burrage}}

File:Juggling 3 ball plain 423 shape.svg

There are, "many 423 tricks."{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=Burke%27sBarrage|title=Burke's Barrage|access-date=July 8, 2014}} For example, the plain 423,{{efn|name=two}}{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=423|title=423|access-date=October 24, 2016}} Takeouts,{{efn|name=four}}{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=Takeouts|title=Takeouts|access-date=October 2, 2016}} the Fake Mess,{{efn|name=three}}{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=FakeMess|title=Fake Mess|access-date=October 24, 2016}} the W (or 423 columns),{{efn|name=two}}{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=TheW|title=the W|access-date=October 24, 2016}} and Burke's barrage.{{efn|name=four}} In Burke's barrage the 3 is a carry, in Takeouts the 4 is a carry.

File:3BallBurkesBarrage.gif

Named after its inventor, Ken Burke,{{cite journal |date=Fall 1986 |volume=38 |issue=3 |title=Festivals - Fireworks in Baltimore |author=Russ Kaufman |journal=Juggler's World |publisher=International Jugglers' Association |url=http://www.juggling.org/jw/86/3/festivals.html |access-date=January 13, 2011 }} Burke's barrage is quite popular among jugglers due to the impressive arm moves, but it's not so hard to master, compared to the Rubenstein's revenge for example; Burke's barrage is a, "complicated and very classy," juggling pattern.Gillson, George (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq21AAAAIAAJ&q=burke%27s+barrage Beyond the Cascade: Step-by-Step Guides to 88 Classic 3-Ball Juggling Tricks], p.68. The Ugly Juggling Co: UK. {{ISBN|0-9516998-1-4}}. (p.65). The 3 is a carry, 4 is thrown while crossed under, 3 is caught while crossed under, and 4 is often caught using the claw."[https://www.twjc.co.uk/tut063.html Burke's Barrage]", TWJC.co.uk."[http://www.juggling.org/help/tricks/burkes-barrage.html Burke's Barrage]", Juggling.org. Burke's Barrage is, "not complex, and after it, Rubenstein's Revenge is a simple extension." The title is unrelated to juggler Luke Burrage, who named a pattern "Burke's Burrage" in Ken's honor.

File:Rubensteins Revenge.gif

{{Main article|Rubenstein's Revenge}}

Rubenstein's revenge is a 3-ball pattern named by George Gillson after its inventor, Rick Rubenstein. Along with Mills Mess and Burke's barrage it is one of three well known named juggling patterns that involve complex carries and crossed arm throws. Rubenstein's revenge is usually considered the most involved and difficult of the three.Dancey, Charlie (1994). Charlie Dancey's Encyclopædia of Ball Juggling, p.128. Butterfingers: Bath, England. {{ISBN|1-898591-13-X}}.

A windmill,{{efn|name=five}}{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=Windmill|title=Windmill|access-date=October 24, 2016}} or false shower,Gillson, George (1991/1993). Beyond the cascade: step-by-step guides to 88 classic 3-ball juggling tricks, p.21. Ugly Juggling. {{ISBN|978-0962793806}}. is a juggling pattern which resembles the shower. It is often considered a prerequisite or preparation for Mills Mess, or the other way around. One hand throws outside (or reverse cascade) and the other throws underarm, so that the outside hand catches while crossed over the underarm hand. Siteswap: 3.

File:Classic 4beats passing 2juggler 6balls side.gif

{{main article|Passing (juggling)}}

Siteswap may also be extended to pass juggling. Simultaneous juggling: notation means one juggler does 'xxx' while another does 'yyy'. 'p' is used to represent a passing throw. For example, the Four-count, or "Every others", pattern (one of the most basic forms of passing) every fourth throw — that is, every second right-handed throw — is a passing throw, thus the pattern is <333P|333P>. One-count (<3p|3p>), two-count (<33p|33p>), three-count (<333p|333p>), four-count (<3333p|3333p>)."[http://jugglinglab.sourceforge.net/html/ssnotation.html Siteswap notation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026031703/http://jugglinglab.sourceforge.net/html/ssnotation.html |date=2016-10-26 }}", JugglingLab. Accessed: October 24, 2016.

{{main|Multiplex (juggling)}}

File:Multiplex333 33.gif

It is possible to create patterns in which two or more balls are caught in and/or thrown from one hand. These patterns are generally called multiplex patterns. Multiplex throws are given different names depending on the number of balls used, for example a two-ball throw would be called a duplex and a three-ball throw, a triplex, and so on. Multiplex throws are generally grouped into two categories, stacked multiplex and split multiplex.

Stacked multiplex throws involve throwing two or more props from one hand and catching them in the same hand (though not necessarily the same hand that they were thrown from). The props will usually be "stacked" one above the other in the air, and thus will be caught in a staggered fashion. Stacked throws can replace any regular single prop throw within a pattern, though if the props are staggered enough they can be caught and thrown again separately; this type of stacked throw is known as a cut. The term cut was coined by Daniel Marden,"[https://www.juggle.org/fun-with-multiplexes/ Fun with Multiplexes: Comments: April 12, 2016 at 6:17 pm]", Juggle.org. a leading figure on multiplex juggling in the online juggling community.{{citation needed|date=May 2016|reason=essentially the same as a quote from Marden}} LibraryofJuggling.com has a trick named after him.{{Library of Juggling|balls=3|id=Marden%27sMarvel|title=Marden's Marvel|access-date=March 14, 2020}}

Split multiplex throws, as the name suggests, involve throwing two or more props from one hand and "splitting" them in the air so that each hand catches one or more props. Some split props may be level in the air, and so may be caught simultaneously by both hands, or they may be of different heights, and so will be caught in a staggered fashion as with the cut stacked throw.

{{Main|Juggling notation}}

{{Gallery

|title=

|width=150 | height=50 |align=center

|File:Juggling - 3-ball cascade (3) ladder diagram.svg |Cascade: 3{{efn|name=two|Difficulty: 2/10{{Cite web|url=https://www.libraryofjuggling.com/TricksByDifficulty.html|title=Library of Juggling - Tricks by Difficulty}}}}

|File:Juggling - 3-ball shower asynchronous (51) ladder diagram.svg |Shower (asynchronous): 51{{efn|name=five|Difficulty: 5/10}}

|File:Juggling - 3-ball shower synchronous (4x,2x) ladder diagram.svg |Shower (synchronous): (4x,2x){{efn|name=five}}

|File:Juggling - 4-ball fountain (4) ladder diagram.svg |Fountain (asynchronous): 4{{efn|name=seven|Difficulty: 7/10}}

|File:Juggling - 4-ball fountain synchronous (4)(4) ladder diagram.svg |Fountain (synchronous): (4)(4){{efn|name=seven}}

|File:Juggling - 3-ball columns (nonalternating) ladder diagram.svg |Columns: (4,4)(4,0){{efn|name=three|Difficulty: 3/10}}

|File:Juggling - 3-ball columns alternating (4,4)(4x,0) ladder diagram.svg |Columns, alternating: (4,4)(4x,0){{efn|name=three}}

|File:Juggling - 3-ball box (4,2x)(2x,4) ladder diagram.svg |Box: (4,2x)(2x,4){{efn|name=six|Difficulty: 6/10}}

|File:Juggling - 3-ball (441) ladder diagram.svg |Half-box: 441{{efn|name=four|Difficulty: 4/10}}

|File:Juggling - 3-ball Burke's barrage (423) ladder diagram.svg |Burke's barrage: 423{{efn|name=four}}

|File:Juggling - 3-ball Rubenstein's revenge (52233) ladder diagram.svg |Rubenstein's revenge: 52233{{efn|name=six}}

|File:Juggling - 3-ball (53145305520) ladder diagram.svg |53145305520

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• Affine symmetric group, a mathematical object related to juggling patterns
• List of siteswaps

{{notelist}}

• "[http://www.libraryofjuggling.com/TricksByDifficulty.html Tricks by Difficulty]", LibraryofJuggling.com.

{{Juggling}}

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