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kalanchoe

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the stonecrop family}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Kalanchoe.blossfeldiana.jpg

| image_caption = Kalanchoe blossfeldiana

| taxon = Kalanchoe

| authority = Adans.

| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera

| subdivision_ref = {{sfn|Smith|Figueiredo|2018}}

| subdivision = * Kalanchoe

  • Bryophyllum (Salisb.) Koorders
  • Kitchingia (Baker) Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo

| synonyms = Bryophyllum

}}

Kalanchoe ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|l|ə|ŋ|ˈ|k|oʊ|.|iː}} {{respell|KAL|əng|KOH|ee}}),Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607; {{OED|Kalanchoe}}{{Cite web|url=http://gardening.about.com/od/houseplants/tp/FloweringHouseplants.htm|title=8 Flowering Houseplants That Provide Color Without Much Fuss|access-date=2015-04-12|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211000/http://gardening.about.com/od/houseplants/tp/FloweringHouseplants.htm|url-status=dead}} (also called "kalanchöe" or "kalanchoë"), is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A Kalanchoe species was one of the first plants to be sent into space, sent on a resupply to the Soviet Salyut 1 space station in 1979.{{cite web |url=https://www.airspacemag.com/space/growing-pains-4148507/ |title=Growing Pains |website=Air and Space Magazine |date=September 2003}} The majority of kalanchoes require around 6–8 hours of sunlight a day; a few cannot tolerate this, and survive with bright, indirect sunlight to bright shade.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Description

Most are shrubs or perennial herbaceous plants, but a few are annual or biennial. The largest, Kalanchoe beharensis from Madagascar, can reach {{convert|6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall, but most species are less than {{convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall.

Kalanchoes open their flowers by growing new cells on the inner surface of the petals to force them outwards, and on the outside of the petals to close them. Kalanchoe flowers are divided into 4 sections with 8 stamens. The petals are fused into a tube, in a similar way to some related genera such as Cotyledon.{{Cite web|url=https://www.crassulaceae.ch/de/artikel?akID=68&aaID=1&aiID=C&aID=2211|title=Characteristics of Genus Kalanchoe|website=www.crassulaceae.ch|access-date=29 March 2023}}

File:San Bartolomé - LZ-20 - Casa Museo del Campesino 03 ies.jpg|Kalanchoe luciae

File:Kalanchoe delagoensis (Plantlets).jpg|Kalanchoe delagoensis

File:Kalanchoe thrysiflora.jpg|Kalanchoe thyrsiflora

File:Kalanchoe marmorata.jpg|Kalanchoe marmorata

File:Kalanchoe tomentosa (4508582330).jpg|Kalanchoe tomentosa

File:Kalanchoe beharensis 01.jpg|Kalanchoe beharensis

File:Kalanchoe_tarantula_flowers.jpg|Kalanchoe 'Tarantula'

File:不死鳥-草坪頭 Kalanchoe hybrida Desf. ex Steud. 20220126155514.jpg|Kalanchoe × houghtonii

File:Flaming katy - Kalanchoe blossfeldiana.jpg|Flaming Katy - Kalanchoe blossfeldiana

Taxonomy

The genus Kalanchoe was first described by the French botanist Michel Adanson in 1763.{{Cite journal|title=Kalanchoe: The Genus and its Chromosomes| doi=10.2307/2436516|first=J. T.| last=Baldwin Jr.| journal=American Journal of Botany| pages=572–579| volume=25| issue=8| date=October 1938| jstor=2436516}}

The genus Bryophyllum was described by Salisbury in 1806 and the genus Kitchingia was created by Baker in 1881. Kitchingia is now regarded as a synonym for Kalanchoe, while Bryophyllum has also been treated as a separate genus, since species of Bryophyllum appear to be nested within Kalanchoe on molecular phylogenetic analysis, Bryophyllum is considered as a section of the former, dividing the genus into three sections, Kitchingia, Bryophyllum, and Eukalanchoe.{{sfn|POTWO|2019}}{{sfn|Mort et al|2009}}{{sfn|Eggli|2003}} these were formalised as subgenera by Smith and Figueiredo (2018).{{sfn|Smith|Figueiredo|2018}}

=Etymology=

Adanson cited Georg Joseph Kamel (Camellus) as his source for the name.{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958|title=Familles des plantes|first=Michel|last=Adanson|date=29 March 1763|publisher=Vincent|volume=1|access-date=29 March 2023}}Camel, J.G. Herbarum aliarumque stirpium in Insulâ Luzone Philippinarum Primariâ Nascentium In: Ray, J. (1704): [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40704253 Historia plantarum Book 3, Appendix p.6, item 18] The name came from the Cantonese name 伽藍菜 (Jyutping: gaa1 laam4 coi3).{{cite journal | last1 = Chernetskyy | first1 = M. A. | year = 2011 | title = Problems in nomenclature and systematics in the subfamily Kalanchoideae (Crassulaceae) over the years | journal = Acta Agrobotanica | volume = 6 | issue = 4| pages = 67–74 }}

Kalanchoe ceratophylla and Kalanchoe laciniata are both called {{lang|zh|伽蓝菜}}[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=116917 Kalanchoe, Chinese Plant Names], www.eFloras.org. (apparently "Buddhist monastery [samghārāma] herb") in China. In Mandarin Chinese, it does not seem very close in pronunciation (qiélán cài, but possibly jiālán cài or gālán cài as the character {{lang|zh|伽}} has multiple pronunciations), but the Cantonese gālàahm choi is closer.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

List of selected species

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

{{div col end}}

=List of hybrids=

Several hybrids within Kalanchoe are known:

==Distribution and ecology==

The genus is predominantly native to the Old World. Only one species originates from the Americas. Fifty-six are from southern and eastern Africa and 60 species on the island of Madagascar. It is also found in south-eastern Asia and China.{{Cite web|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/colloques2/010008454.pdf|title=ird.fr: Allorge-Boiteau, L., 1996. Madagascar Centre de Spéciation et d'Origine du Genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae). Biogéographie de Madagascar, 1996 : 137-145|access-date=29 March 2023}}

These plants are food plants for caterpillars of the Red Pierrot butterfly. The butterfly lays its eggs on leaves, and after hatching, caterpillars burrow into the leaves and eat their inside cells.

Cultivation and uses

Image:Kalanchoe veg.jpg. The small plant in front is about 1 cm tall]]

These plants are cultivated as ornamental houseplants and rock or succulent garden plants. They are popular because of their ease of propagation, low water requirements, and wide variety of flower colors typically borne in clusters well above the leaves. The section Bryophyllum—formerly an independent genus—contains species such as the "air-plant" Kalanchoe pinnata. In these plants, new individuals develop vegetatively as plantlets, also known as bulbils or gemmae, at indentations in leaf margins. These young plants eventually drop off and take root. No males have been found of one species of this genus which does flower and produce seeds, and it is commonly called the mother of thousands: Kalanchoe daigremontiana is thus an example of asexual reproduction.Reproductive Strategies: Plants. (1999). In Encyclopedia of Paleontology. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/routpaleont/reproductive_strategies_plants .

The cultivars 'Tessa'{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/45078/i-Kalanchoe-i-Tessa/Details

| title = RHS Plantfinder - Kalanchoe 'Tessa' | access-date = 14 March 2018}} and 'Wendy' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.{{cite web

| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/66915/i-Kalanchoe-i-Wendy/Details

| title = RHS Plantfinder - Kalanchoe 'Wendy' | access-date=14 March 2018}}{{cite web

| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017

| page = 56 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 14 March 2018}}

Diseases

{{Main|List of kalanchoe diseases}}

Traditional medicine

In traditional medicine, Kalanchoe species have been used to treat ailments such as infections, rheumatism and inflammation. Kalanchoe extracts also have immunosuppressive effects. Kalanchoe pinnata has been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago as being used as a traditional treatment for hypertension.{{cite journal

| last = Lans

| first = CA

| title = Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus

| date = 2006-10-13

| pmid = 17040567

| volume = 2

| pages = 45

| doi = 10.1186/1746-4269-2-45

| pmc = 1624823

| journal = Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

| doi-access = free

}}

A variety of bufadienolide compounds have been isolated from various Kalanchoe species. Five different bufadienolides have been isolated from Kalanchoe daigremontiana.{{cite journal

| last = Wagner

| first = H

|author2=Fischer M |author3=Lotter H

| title = Isolation and Structure Determination of Daigremontianin, a Novel Bufadienolide from Kalanchoe daigremontiana

|date=April 1985

| pmid = 3839925

| issue = 2

| pages = 169–70

| doi = 10.1055/s-2007-969441

| journal = Planta Medica

| volume = 51| bibcode = 1985PlMed..51..169W

}}

{{cite journal

| last = Supratman

| first = U

|author2=Fujita T |author3=Akiyama K |author4=Hayashi H

| title = Insecticidal compounds from Kalanchoe daigremontiana x tubiflora

| journal = Phytochemistry

|date=September 2001

| pmid = 11551556

| volume = 58

| issue = 2

| pages = 311–4

| doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00199-6}}

Two of these, daigremontianin and bersaldegenin 1,3,5-orthoacetate, have been shown to have a pronounced sedative effect. They also have the strong positive inotropic effect associated with cardiac glycosides, and with greater doses an increasing effect on the central nervous system.

Bufadienolide compounds isolated from Kalanchoe pinnata include bryophillin A which showed strong anti-tumor promoting activity, and bersaldegenin-3-acetate and bryophillin C which were less active.{{cite journal

| last = Supratman

| first = U

|author2=Fujita T |author3=Akiyama K |author4=Hayashi H |author5=Murakami A |author6=Sakai H |author7=Koshimizu K |author8=Ohigashi H

| title = Anti-tumor promoting activity of bufadienolides from Kalanchoe pinnata and K. daigremontiana x tubiflora

|date=April 2001

| pmid = 11388478

| volume = 65

| issue = 4

| pages = 947–9

| journal = Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

| doi = 10.1271/bbb.65.947| s2cid = 45486312

}}

Bryophillin C also showed insecticidal properties.{{cite journal

| last = Supratman

| first = U

|author2=Fujita T |author3=Akiyama K |author4=Hayashi H

| title = New insecticidal bufadienolide, bryophyllin C, from Kalanchoe pinnata

|date=June 2000

| pmid = 10923811

| volume = 64

| issue = 6

| pages = 1310–2

| journal = Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

| doi = 10.1271/bbb.64.1310| s2cid = 25083265

| doi-access = free

}}

References

{{Reflist|2}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin|30em}}

  • {{cite book|editor-last=Eggli|editor-first=Urs|title=Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Crassulaceae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU7mCAAAQBAJ|date= 2003|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-55874-0|isbn=978-3-642-55874-0|s2cid=36280482}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Gideon F.|last2=Figueiredo|first2=Estrela|last3=Wyk|first3=Abraham E. van|title=Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in Southern Africa: Classification, Biology, and Cultivation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38m3DwAAQBAJ|date= 2019|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-814008-6|ref={{harvid|Smith et al|2019}}}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Mort |first1=Mark E. |last2=Soltis |first2=Douglas E. |last3=Soltis |first3=Pamela S. |last4=Francisco-Ortega |first4=Javier |last5=Santos-Guerra |first5=Arnoldo |author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis|author-link3=Pamela Soltis| title=Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of Crassulaceae inferred from matK sequence data |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=January 2001 |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=76–91 |doi=10.2307/2657129|ref={{harvid|Mort et al|2001}}|jstor=2657129 |pmid=11159129 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Mort |first1=Mark E |last2=O'Leary |first2=T. Ryan |last3=Carrillo-Reyes |first3=Pablo |display-authors=etal|title=Phylogeny and evolution of Crassulaceae: Past, present, and future |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |date=December 2009 |volume=3 |pages=69–86 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248701315|ref={{harvid|Mort et al|2009}}}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Gideon F. |last2=Figueiredo |first2=Estrela |title=The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae), with special reference to the southern African species |journal=Bradleya |date=July 2018 |volume=36 |issue=36 |pages=162–172 |doi=10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a10|bibcode=2018Bradl..36..162S |s2cid=92407878 }}
  • {{cite web |title= Kalanchoe Adans.|url= https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30060186-2|website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=1 September 2019 |date=2019|ref={{harvid|POTWO|2019}}}}

{{Refend}}

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline|Kalanchoe}}
  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Kalanchoe}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q312063}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Flora of Southern Africa

Category:Medicinal plants of Africa

Category:Space-flown life

Category:Taxa named by Michel Adanson

Category:Crassulaceae genera