kho khuat
{{Short description|Thai letter}}
{{Expand Thai|ฃ|fa=yes|date=March 2009|ฃ|ฃ}}
{{Cleanup lang |date=June 2024 }}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name=Kho khuat
|letter=ฃ
|image=File:Kho khuat.gif
|imageclass=skin-invert-image
|imagesize=200px
|imagealt=Writing cursive forms of Kho khuat
|script=Thai script
|type=Abugida
|language=Thai language
|phonemes=[{{IPA link|kʰ}}]
[{{IPA link|k̚}}]
|unicode=U+0E03
|alphanumber=3
|number=
|fam1=
|fam2=
|fam3=
|fam4=
|usageperiod=1283 to present
|children=
|sisters=
|variations=
|equivalents=Kho Khai
|associates=
|direction=Left-to-Right
}}
Kho khuat (ฃ ขวด, khuat is Thai for 'bottle') is the third letter of the Thai alphabet. It is a high consonant in the Thai tripartite consonant system (ไตรยางศ์, informally อักษรสามหมู่). It represents the sound [kh] as an initial consonant and [k̚] as a final consonant. The letter is now rarely used, being replaced universally by kho khai (ข ไข่). There are currently no words using kho khuat in Thai language according to the Royal Institute Dictionary of 1999, the official standard current dictionary of the Thai language. However, kho khuat still has an entry in most dictionaries stating that it is obsolete, and is included on alphabet charts in order to preserve the traditional count of 44 Thai consonants.
History
= Origins =
Early evidence of kho khuat can be found in the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription from the Sukhothai Period, which contains 11 words containing the letter.{{Cite web|last=Kanchanawan|first=Nitaya|title=ฃ กับ ฅ หายไปไหน (๑)|trans-title=Where Did ฃ and ฅ Go? (1)|url=http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=2049|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115150627/http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=2049|archive-date=2013-11-15|access-date=2022-02-25|website=The Royal Institute}} Additionally, there are a number of other similar inscriptions that contain the letter, including the Pa Nang Mo Inscription,{{Cite web|date=2021-10-26|title=Pa Nang Mo Inscription|url=https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/36|access-date=2022-02-25|website=The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre}} the Pho Kun Ram Phon Inscription,{{Cite web|date=2021-10-26|title=Pho Kun Ram Phon Inscription|url=https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/45|access-date=2022-02-25|website=The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre}} the Kam Phaeng Ngam Inscription,{{Cite web|date=2021-07-14|title=Kam Phaeng Ngam Inscription|url=https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/266|access-date=2022-02-25|website=The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre}} and the Sadaeng Phon Kam Nam Su Nipphan Inscription.{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=Sadaeng Phon Kam Nam Su Nipphan Inscription|url=https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/136|access-date=2022-02-25|website=The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre}}
Linguists believe that at the time kho khuat likely represented the velar fricative [
= Fall out of use =
Both ฃ (kho khuat) and ฅ (kho khon) fell out of use at the same time when the first Thai-script typewriters were brought to Thailand in 1896, for there was no space for all characters in their 84 key keyboard. Thus these two letters, which at that point were already becoming rare, were chosen to be done away with. Even after the shift key was invented and the number of keys in typewriters was reduced to half, those two letters were not reinstated. They are, however, present on modern keyboards and are specified as part of the official standard.{{Cite web|title=Thai Keyboard Layouts|url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/817-2521/asian.supported.locales-246/index.html#:~:text=Currently,%20TIS820-2538%20is%20the,with%20better%20finger-load%20distribution.|access-date=2022-02-25|website=}} The reasons why precisely these two letters were chosen and not others is not known, but neither ฃ kho khuat nor ฅ kho khon correspond to letters of the Sanskrit or the Pali alphabet.Phya Anuman Rajadhon, Essays on Thai Folklore {{ISBN|974-210-345-3}}
== Revival movement ==
There is a minor movement for conservative spelling among some Thai publishers, one goal of which is to bring kho khuat and kho khon back into currency. One such publisher is Butterfly Book House (สำนักพิมพ์ผีเสื้อ), which publishes children's literature both by Thai authors and Thai translations of foreign authors, such as Roald Dahl. In its books, words like ขวด and คน are spelled ฃวด and ฅน, despite the fact that the apparently "conservative" spelling is sometimes arguably not the etymologically correct one, as with ฅน for คน. As for the latter, a 2006 film set in 1890s Siam and titled in Thai: ฅนไฟบิน Flying Fire Person (in English: Dynamite Warrior), uses ฅ kho khon to spell ฅน (khon, 'person'). "Person" is the standard example word for ฅ in consonantal charts, but is spelled คน.
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110922220831/http://www.nectec.or.th/it-standards/keyboard_layout/thai-key.htm Thaweesak Koanantakool, The Keyboard Layouts and Input Method of the Thai Language, Information Processing Institute for Education and Development, Thammasat University]
- [http://2bangkok.com/2bangkok-news-7313.html The story of the obsolete letters in the Thai alphabet] (server not found)
Category:Palaeographic letters
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