khutor

{{Short description|Large homesteads in Eastern European agrarian societies}}

File:KonstantinKryzhitsky HutorVMalorossii 1884.jpg. A Khutir in Little Russia, 1884]]

A khutor ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|x|uː|t|ər}} {{respell|KHOO|tər}}; {{lang-rus|хутор|p=ˈxutər}}) or khutir ({{langx|uk|хутiр|link=no}}, {{IPA|uk|ˈxut⁽ʲ⁾ir|IPA}}) is a type of rural locality in some countries of Eastern Europe; in the past the term mostly referred to a single-homestead settlement.[https://archive.today/20130504135127/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80/ Khutor] from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia {{in lang|ru}}[http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/111/111286.shtml Khutor] from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary {{in lang|ru}} The term can be translated as "hamlet".[http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Translate/uk-en/%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80 Українсько-англійський переклад «хутір» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online][http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Translate/ru-en/%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80 Російсько-англійський переклад «хутор» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online]

They existed in Cossack-settled lands that encompassed today's Ukraine, Kuban, and the lower Don River basin while in Kuban and Don region the word khutor was also used to describe new settlements (irrespective of the number of homesteads) which had detached themselves from stanitsas.[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhutirIT.htm Khutir] at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine In some Cossack communities, these types of settlements were referred to as posyolok ({{langx|ru|посёлок|link=no}}) or selyshche ({{langx|uk|селище|link=no}}). In Russia the term "{{lang|ru|выселки}}" (vyselki, literally, "those who moved away") was also used. Khutor remains the official designation of many Russian villages in these regions.

During the Stolypin reforms in the Russian empire, Peter Stolypin envisaged rich peasants "privatising" their share of the community (obshchina ({{langx|ru|община|link=no}}) or tovarystvo ({{langx|uk|товариство|link=no}})) lands, leaving the obshchinas, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land. A less radical concept was that of an otrub (отруб) or vidrub: a section of formerly obshchina land, whose owner has left the obshchina but still continued to live in the village and to "commute" to his land.[https://archive.today/20120715021326/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/ Otrub] from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia {{in lang|ru}} By 1910 the share of khutors and otrubs among all rural households in the European part of Russia was estimated at 10.5%. These were practically eliminated during the collectivisation in the USSR.