koukoulion

Related to the western cowl, it was the cap worn by Orthodox monks.{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156808055|title=The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through world history|date=2008|others=Jill Condra|isbn=978-0-313-33662-1|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=147|oclc=156808055}} It is shown worn by emperors Michael IV, who died as a monk, in the Madrid Skylitzes.{{Cite book|last=Tsamakda|first=Vasiliki|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51900961|title=The illustrated chronicle of Ioannes Skylitzes in Madrid|date=2002|publisher=Alexandros|isbn=90-806476-2-4|location=Leiden|pages=243|oclc=51900961}}{{Cite book|last=Tsamakda|first=Vasiliki|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51900961|title=The illustrated chronicle of Ioannes Skylitzes in Madrid|date=2002|publisher=Alexandros|isbn=90-806476-2-4|location=Leiden|pages=304|oclc=51900961}} Medieval orthodox monks did not have specific habits and uniforms related to the orders as in the West (for example the Benedictine habit or Franciscan habit), but each monastery set its own rules.{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156808055|title=The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through world history|date=2008|others=Jill Condra|isbn=978-0-313-33662-1|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=148|oclc=156808055}} The monks wore a simple cap, often made of coarse and modest fabrics, that was called koukoulion.{{Cite book|last=Woodfin|first=Warren T.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/714724958|title=The embodied icon : liturgical vestments and sacramental power in Byzantium|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-959209-8|location=Oxford [Great Britain]|oclc=714724958}}

File:Parisinus Graecus 923, folio 208r.png|Monk wearing a koukoulion, from the Sacra Parallela{{Cite journal|last=EVANGELATOU|first=MARIA|title=Word and Image in the "Sacra Parallela" (Codex Parisinus Graecus 923)|date=2008|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20788045|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=62|page=114|jstor=20788045|issn=0070-7546}}

File:Tonsure and death of Michael IV.jpg|Emperor Michael IV lying in bed wearing the koukoulion, from the Madrid Skylitzes

File:Mitrophan of Voronezh.jpg|Mitrophan of Voronezh wearing the koukoulion (19th century icon) {{Cite web|title=The Temple Gallery - specialists in Russian icons|url=http://www.templegallery.com/getfullpage.php?stockno=819|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.templegallery.com}}

File:Antony Pechersky (fragment).jpg|Anthony of Kiev, wearing a koukoulion.{{Cite news|title=День памяти прп. Антония - основоположника монашества на Руси|language=ru|work=Церковно-Научный Центр "Православная Энциклопедия"|url=https://www.sedmitza.ru/text/410906.html|access-date=2021-06-27}}

From the 17th century, following the reforms of Patriarch Nikon, the upper vesture worn by monks of the Great Schema (skhimonakh or megaloskhimos) is in the form of a pointed hood with two long lappets which cover the back and breast. It is black in color, and embroidered with crosses, six-winged seraphim, and the text of the Trisagion. It is worn above the mandyas (monastic mantle), and is the same for both monks and nuns. In the context of monastic vows, it is called the koukoulion of kindliness, and the helmet of salvation. The koukoulion replaces the klobuk which is worn by the monastics of lower ranks. It fastened to a black veil, the Epanokalimavkion.

File:Adrian of Ondrusov.jpg|Icon of St. Adrian of Ondrusov, wearing the black koukoulion. The lapets can be seen on his shoulders.

File:Slovenic.great.schema.jpg|Slovenic great schema, with the koukoulion (hood) and the analavos

File:Филипп Хорев (до пострижения Филипп Андреевич, в монашестве — Филарет, 1802—1869) — схимонах РПЦ.jpg|Philip Khorev (1802–1869) - schema monks of the Russian Orthodox Church, wearing the koukoulion hood

Patriarch of Moscow

File:Drevnosti RG v1 ill097.jpg, Archbishop of Novgorod (1330–1352){{Cite book|last=Solntsev|first=Fedor|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232995137|title=Drevnosti Rossiĭskogo gosudarstva|date=2007|publisher=Belyĭ gorod|isbn=978-5-7793-1250-9|location=Moskva|oclc=232995137}}]]

The Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia wears a white klobuk, which is referred to as koukoulion, with a "Zion", a stiffened point topped by a cross.{{Cite web|title=7 Types of Orthodox Clergy and Monastic Headgear|url=http://catalogueofstelisabethconvent.blogspot.com/2018/11/7-types-of-orthodox-clergy-and-monastic.html|access-date=2021-06-28|website=The Catalog of Good Deeds}} He wears this ex officio, whether or not he has been tonsured into the Great Schema.

The origin of the white patriarchal koukoulion is disputed.{{Cite journal|last=Franklin|first=Simon|date=2000|title=Review of The Legend of the Novgorodian White Cowl (The Study of Its "Prologue" and "Epilogue")|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4213137|journal=The Slavonic and East European Review|volume=78|issue=4|pages=773–775|jstor=4213137|issn=0037-6795}}

Archbishop Vasilii Kalika, Archbishop of Novgorod (1330–1352), wore a white koukoulion which is preserved in the Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod. The Legend of the White Cowl is a Russian Orthodox story first recorded by the monk Philotheus of Pskov in 1510 that tells the story of how the white koukoulion was first given to the Archbishop Vasilii Kalika by the Ecumenical Patriarch. In 1667, the story was condemned by the Great Moscow Synod as "false and wrong" and as constructed by Dmitry Tolmach (different experts understand by this name either Dmitry Trakhaniot, or Dmitry Gerasimov, both of them bore this nickname).{{Cite web|title=ЭСБЕ/Белый клобук — Викитека|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA|access-date=2021-06-28|website=ru.wikisource.org|language=ru}}

Instead, Metropolitan Platon, based on the fact that earlier than Vasili of Novgorod the white kobluk had been worn by first {{Interlanguage link|Леонтий Ростовский|lt=Leontiy, Bishop or Rostov|ru}} wore a white klobuk,{{Cite web|title=Святитель Леонтий Ростовский|url=https://ruvera.ru/leontij_rostovskij|access-date=2021-06-28|website=ruvera.ru|language=ru-RU}} hypothesized that the custom of the white klobuk was borrowed not from Novgorod, but existed before from the very beginning of Christianity in Russia. In addition, Theodore I (990/992 - c. 1023), Isaiah (1078–1090), Leontiy (c.1051-c.1077), Ignatius bishops of Rostov are depicted wearing the white koukoulion as well as Maximos, Metropolitan of all Rus' (1283–1305) and Peter (c. 1260–1326), Jonah (-1461), and Alexius of Moscow (1296–1378) and Vasilii Kalika (1330–352), Moses, and Alexy of Novgorod. In the 1380s frescoes in Volotovo Church, Moses and Alexy are depicted wearing a white koukoulion with crosses. This suggest an early adoption of this garment instead. Other evidence, such as the images in the Svyatoslav's Miscellanies and later chrnociles such as Nikon Chronicle and the documents from the 1564 council, also suggest that white headgear was an ancient tradition in Russian lands and predated the 1300s adoption by Vasilii and his successors in Novgorod.

In 1564, the Moscow Council adopted a code on the right of the Moscow metropolitan to wear a white koukoulion.{{Cite news|title=Особенности богослужебного облачения Патриарха на Руси|language=ru|work=Церковно-Научный Центр "Православная Энциклопедия"|url=https://www.sedmitza.ru/text/556834.html|access-date=2021-06-28}}{{Cite journal|last=SWOBODA|first=MARINA|title=The Place of Novgorod in Ivan Timofeyev's "Vremennik"|date=1998|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24659105|journal=Russian History|volume=25|issue=4|pages=409–428|doi=10.1163/187633198X00194|jstor=24659105|issn=0094-288X|url-access=subscription}} After the establishment of the patriarchate in Russia in 1589, the Moscow patriarchs began to wear the white koukoulion.

Koukoulia are also worn by the primates of certain other Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, for example the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia.

Josyf Slipyj, Major Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, wore a red koukoulion, when made a cardinal of the Catholic Church at the consistory of 1965.

Cardinal Mykola Bychok wore a black koukoulion with red trim when made a cardinal at the consistory of 2024.{{cite news |last1=Silva |first1=Walter Sanchez |title=World’s Youngest Cardinal Is Just 44 Years Old |url=https://www.ewtnvatican.com/articles/worlds-youngest-cardinal-is-just-44-years-old-3989 |access-date=11 December 2024 |agency=EWTN Vatican |date=11 December 2024}}

File:San Leoncio de Rostov.jpg|alt=|Leontiy of Rostov (16th century icon)

File:Tikhon of Moscow.jpg|St. Tikhon of Moscow wearing the patriarchal white koukoulion.

File:Patriarch Kirill of Moscow.jpg|Patriarch Kirill of Moscow wearing his koukoulion

• Klobuk
• Skufia
• Apostolnik
• Cowl
• Epanokamelavkion
• Kalimavkion
• The Philippi Collection

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book | last=Philippi | first=Dieter | title=Sammlung Philippi – Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität | year=2009 | publisher=St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig | isbn=978-3-7462-2800-6}}

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