kurin
{{Short description|Ukrainian military subdivision}}
{{Other uses}}
Kurin ({{langx|uk|курінь}}) has two definitions: a military and administrative unit of the Zaporozhian Cossacks,{{Cite web |title=УКРАЇНА, ДЕРЖАВА: ФОРМУВАННЯ ТЕРИТОРІЇ ТА ІСТОРІЯ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОГО УСТРОЮ |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=1.%202.%202 |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=resource.history.org.ua}} Black Sea Cossack Host, and others; and of a type of housing (see below).
In the administrative definition, a kurin usually consisted of a few hundred Cossacks, with their own land, treasury and flag, and around a hundred houses.Жильбер Ромм. «Путешествие в Крым в 1786 г.» — Л.: Издание Ленинградского государственного университета, 1941. — 79 с.{{Cite web |title=КУРЕНІ ЗАПОРОЗЬКІ 16–18 СТ. |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Kureni_Zaporozki |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=resource.history.org.ua}} The number of kurins was not permanent, and varied throughout time: during the 16th century, there were 8 kurins in the Zaporozhian Sich and 38 during the first half of the 18th century.[https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Haietskyi_Yurii/Cossack_Terminology__en.pdf? Cossack terminology: suggestions for the study of the Hetmanate, the Ukrainian Cossack State] // George Gajecky, 1975{{Cite web |title=КУРІНЬ |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Kurin |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=resource.history.org.ua}} All Cossacks had to be part of a kurin and were listed on the so-called "kurin komput" (a register of Cossacks in the kurin), and were subject to the kurin otaman.
In the other definition, a kurin is a type of housing, sometimes temporary, which can vary in size and purpose: from a small tent made of leaves, to a large wooden house for permanent occupation.Буда // Словник української мови : в 11 т. — К. : Наукова думка, 1970—1980.
Administrative unit
The kurin was the lowest administrative division in the Cossack Hetmanate. According to a Ukrainian historian Adrian Kashchenko, there were 38 kurins.
| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Subdivisions of the Cossack Hetmanate |
| style="background:#FFEC77; color:black; text-align:center;" |First
| style="background:#FFEC77; color:black; text-align:center;" |Regiment | style="background:#FFEC77; color:black" |{{langx|uk|полк|polk}}, pl. {{langx|uk|полки|polky}} |
| style="background:#FFEC77; color:black; text-align:center;" |Second
| style="background:#FFEC77; color:black; text-align:center;" |Sotnia | style="background:#FFEC77; color:black" |{{langx|uk|сотня|sotnia}}, pl. {{langx|uk|сотні|sotni}} |
| style="background:#FFEC77; color:black; text-align:center;" |Third
| style="background:#FFEC77; color:black; text-align:center;" |Kurin | style="background:#FFEC77; color:black" |{{langx|uk|курінь|kurin}}, pl. {{langx|uk|курені|kureni}} |
Etymology
Kurin is most probably a loanword of Turkic origins.Етимологічний словник української мови : в 7 т. / редкол.: О. С. Мельничук (гол. ред.) та ін. — К. : Наукова думка, 1989. — Т. 3 : Кора — М / Ін-т мовознавства ім. О. О. Потебні АН УРСР ; укл.: Р. В. Болдирєв та ін. — 552 с. — {{ISBN|5-12-001263-9}} Compare Chagatai kürän ("group of warriors") and Uyghur kürijän ("warrior wagon train"). Other etymologies have been proposed – most prominently from the Ukrainian word курити, which means to smoke, create smoke{{Cite book |last=Яворницький |first=Дмитро |title=Історія Запорізьких Козаків |year=1990 |edition=1st |location=Ukraine |pages=158 |language=uk}} – but they are generally not supported by linguists.
In the Zaporozhian Sich
According to Dmytro Yavornytsky in his book "History of the Zaporozhian Cossacks" ({{langx|uk|Історія запорізьких козаків}}), a kurin was a barrack 31 metres in length and 4 metres in width which was built out of lumber, with varying internal structures, or a military unit around the size of a regiment. Each kurin would have a small treasury building where cossacks would store valuables. Most cossacks did not live in the kurin they were counted in, rather choosing nearby villages, wilderness or other. The kurin were usually named after nearby towns, the otaman which founded them, or from the original hometowns of the resident cossacks. 10 kurins constituted a quarter of the whole Sich, and would be classified as a "pirija" - a special administrative unit with its own treasury, which was larger than in the individual kurins.{{Cossacks}}