kutnohorite
{{Short description|Mineral of calcium manganese carbonate}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Kutnohorite
| category = Carbonate mineral
| boxwidth = 24
| boxbgcolor = #ffc0cb
| image = Kutnohorite-120661.jpg
| caption = Kutnohorite, Wessels Mine, Kalahari manganese fields, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Size 4.4 x 4.2 x 1.9 cm
| formula = {{chem2|CaMn(2+)(CO3)2}}
| unit cell = 330.60 ų| molweight = 215.0 g/mol (end member)
| strunz = 5.AB.10
| dana = 14.2.1.3
| system = Trigonal
| class = Rhombohedral ({{overline|3}})
H-M symbol: ({{overline|3}})
| symmetry = R{{overline|3}}
| color = White, pale pink or light brown
| habit = Aggregates of bundled bladed crystals
| cleavage = Perfect on {10{{overline|1}}1}
| fracture = Subconchoidal
| tenacity = Brittle
| mohs = 3.5–4
| luster = Vitreous to dull
| refractive = no = 1.710–1.727,
ne = 1.519–1.535
| opticalprop = Uniaxial (−)
| birefringence = 0.191–0.192
| streak = White to pale pink
| gravity = 3.12
| density = 3.10–3.12
| solubility = Soluble in acids
| diaphaneity = Translucent
| references =Gaines et al (1997) Dana's New Mineralogy Eighth Edition. Wiley{{Cite web|last1=Barthelmy|first1=David|year=2014|url=http://www.webmineral.com/data/Kutnohorite.shtml|access-date=8 August 2022|title = Kutnohorite Mineral Data|website=Webmineral.com}}{{mindat|id=2299|title = Kutnohorite|access-date=8 August 2022}}{{cite web |last1=Anthony |first1=John W. |last2=Bideaux |first2=Richard A. |last3=Bladh |first3=Kenneth W. |last4=Nichols |first4=Monte C. |title=Kutnohorite |url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/kutnohorite.pdf |website=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=Mineral Data Publishing |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=2005}}
}}
Kutnohorite is a rare calcium manganese carbonate mineral with the formula {{chem2|CaMn(2+)(CO3)2}} in the dolomite group of minerals.{{Cite web|url=http://rruff.info/ima|title=IMA Mineral List with Database of Mineral Properties}} It forms a solid solution with the other group members dolomite and ankerite. The mineral was originally spelt "kutnahorite" but "kutnohorite" is the current IMA-approved spelling.
Occurrence
Kutnohorite was first described in 1901 by Antonín Bukovský from material found in Poličany, Kutná Hora, Central Bohemia Region, Bohemia, Czech Republic, then in Austria-Hungary. It was named after the czech name of the location.Frondel, Clifford and Bauer, L H (1955), Kutnahorite, a manganese dolomite, {{chem2|CaMn(CO3)2}}. American Mineralogist 40: 748 Type material is conserved at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.
Kutnohorite occurs typically in manganiferous sediments, associated with rhodochrosite, aragonite and calcite. Notable occurrences include Tuscany, Italy and Kutná Hora, Czech Republic.
It probably occurs at the Trepča Mines, Stari Trg, Kosovo, in the Balkans.The Mineralogical Record (2007) 38-4:284 At the Eldorado Mine, Ouray County, Colorado, US, it occurs as tiny white crystals partially encrusting quartz and dolomite.Rocks & Minerals (2009) 84-5:423
At the Ryujima Mine, Nagano Prefecture in Japan, magnesian kutnohorite occurs with quartz and rhodochrosite.Akio Tsusue (1967) Magnesian Kutnahorite from Ryujima Mine, Japan. American Mineralogist 52:1751
Composition
Specimens of Kutnohorite typically differ from the ideal formula {{chem2|CaMn(2+)(CO3)2}}, the manganese content varying from 38% to 84%. Manganese is commonly subsituted by {{chem2|Mg(2+)}} and {{chem2|Fe(2+)}}, so the formula {{chem2|Ca(Mn(2+),Mg,Fe(2+))(CO3)2}} better represents the species.
= Unit cell =
There are three formula units per unit cell (Z = 3) and the lengths of the sides are a close to 4.9 Å and c between 16 Å and 17 Å, although different sources give slightly different values, as follows:
= Structure =
The crystal class is trigonal {{overline|3}}, space group R{{overline|3}}, the same as for the other members of the dolomite group. There are layers of {{chem2|(CO3)(2−}} groups perpendicular to the long crystal axis c, and between these layers there are layers of the cations {{chem2|Ca(2+)}} and {{chem2|Mn(2+)}}. If there were perfect ordering amongst the cations they would separate into different layers, giving rise to the ordered sequence: {{chem2|Ca\s(CO3)\sMn\s(CO3)\sCa\s(CO3)\sMn\s(CO3)\s}} along the c axis; not all specimens, however, display such ordering.Peacor, D R, Essene, E J and Gaines, A M (1987) Petrologic and crystal-chemical implications of cation order-disorder in kutnahorite. American Mineralogist 72:319
Properties
= Optical properties =
Kutnohorite may be white, pale pink or light brown. The pink shades are due to increased manganese and the brown colours are due to increased iron content. The mineral is translucent with a white to pale pink streak and vitreous to dull luster. It is uniaxial (−) with refractive indices No = 1.710 to 1.727 and Ne = 1.519 to 1.535, similar to dolomite. The ordinary refractive index, No, is high, comparable with spinel (1.719).
= Physical properties =
Kutnohorite occurs as aggregates of bundled blades of white through rose pink to light brown crystals. Also as simple rhombs with curved faces, polycrystalline spherules and in massive and granular habits. It has perfect rhombohedral cleavage, typical of carbonates. It is brittle with a subconchoidal fracture and it is quite soft, with hardness 3.5 to 4, between calcite and fluorite. Specific gravity is 3.12, denser than both dolomite and calcite. It is soluble in acids, as are all carbonates.
Dolomite group
- Dolomite, {{chem2|CaMg(CO3)2}}
- Ankerite, {{chem2|CaFe(2+)(CO3)2}}
- Kutnohorite, {{chem2|CaMn(2+)(CO3)2}}
- Minrecordite, {{chem2|CaZn(CO3)2}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- JMol: http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/viewJmol.php?id=01069
{{Commons category}}
{{Manganese minerals}}
Category:Manganese(II) minerals