l'Humanité

{{Infobox newspaper

| name = {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}}

| image = L'Humanité.jpg

| caption = Front page of {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} on 25 February 2010. Commenting on the Greek government-debt crisis, the headline reads "Greece doesn't want to pay rich people's bills".

| type = Daily newspaper

| format = Berliner

| foundation = {{start date and age|1904}}

| owners = L'Humanité

| headquarters = Paris

| political = Left-wing

| publishing_country = France

| editor = Patrick Le Hyaric

| ISSN = 0242-6870

| website = [https://www.humanite.fr/ www.humanite.fr]

}}

{{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} ({{IPA|fr|lymanite}}; {{literally|Humanity}}) is a French daily newspaper. It was previously an organisation of the SFIO, de facto, and thereafter of the French Communist Party (PCF), and maintains links to the party. Its slogan is "In an ideal world, {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} would not exist."

History and profile

=Pre-World War II=

{{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} was founded in 1904{{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=Print Media. France |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Americana |url=http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/DF_media-prt.shtml |access-date=1 November 2014 |author-link=John William Tebbel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509082817/http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/DF_media-prt.shtml |archive-date=9 May 2019 |author=John Tebbel |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Historical development of the media in France|url=http://www.mheducation.co.uk/openup/chapters/9780335236220.pdf|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225005455/http://www.mheducation.co.uk/openup/chapters/9780335236220.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2015|url-status=dead}} by Jean Jaurès, leader of the French Socialist Party (PSF), which merged the following year in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).{{cite book|author1=Cathie Burton|author2=Alun Drake|title=Hitting the Headlines in Europe: A Country-by-country Guide to Effective Media Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpPPptHEDEYC&pg=PA118|access-date=25 November 2014|year=2004|publisher=Kogan Page Publishers|isbn=978-0-7494-4226-2|page=118}} Jaurès also edited the paper until his assassination on 31 July 1914.{{cite journal|author=Raphael Levy|title=The Daily Press in France|journal=The Modern Language Journal|date=January 1929|volume=13|issue=4|pages=294–303|jstor=315897|doi=10.1111/j.1540-4781.1929.tb01247.x}}

When the SFIO split at the 1920 Tours Congress, the Communists took control of {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}}, which became the official organisation of the French Communist Party (PCF), despite its socialist origins, while the SFIO retained control of the minor daily Le Populaire.{{cite book|author1=Alex Hughes|author2=Keith Reader|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture|date=1998|publisher=Routledge|location=London|page=287|url=https://www.questia.com/read/108241656/encyclopedia-of-contemporary-french-culture|access-date=|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129113806/https://www.questia.com/read/108241656/encyclopedia-of-contemporary-french-culture|url-status=dead}} The PCF has published it ever since and owns 40% of the paper with the remaining shares held by staff, readers and "friends" of the paper. The paper is also sustained by the annual Fête de l'Humanité, held in the working class suburbs of Paris, at Le Bourget, near Aubervilliers, and to a lesser extent elsewhere in the country.

The fortunes of {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} have fluctuated with those of the PCF. During the 1920s, when the PCF was politically isolated, it was kept in existence only by donations from Party members.

Louis Aragon started to write for {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} in 1933, in the "news in brief" section. He later led Les Lettres françaises, the paper's weekly literary supplement. With the formation of the Popular Front in 1936, {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}}{{'}}s circulation and status increased, and many leading French intellectuals wrote for it.

{{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} was banned during World War II but continued publication secretly until the liberation of Paris from German occupation in 1944.

= After World War II =

The paper's status was highest in the years after World War II, when the PCF was the dominant party of the French left and {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} enjoyed a large circulation. Since the 1980s, however, the PCF has been in decline, mostly due to the rise of the Socialist Party, which took over large sections of PCF support; circulation and economic viability of {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} have declined as well.

Until 1990 the PCF and {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} received regular subsidies from the Soviet Union. According to the French authors Victor Loupan and Pierre Lorrain (fr), {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} received free newsprint from Soviet sources.

= Post-Soviet Union =

The fall of the Soviet Union and the continued decline of the PCF's electoral base produced a crisis for {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}}.

Its circulation, more than 500,000 after the war, slumped to under 70,000. In 2001, after a decade of financial decline, the PCF sold 20% of the paper to a group of private investors led by the TV channel TF1 (part of the Bouygues group) and including Hachette (Lagardère Group). TF1 said its motive was "maintenance of media diversity." Despite the irony of a communist newspaper being rescued by private capital, some of which supported right-wing politics, {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} director Patrick Le Hyaric described the sale as "a matter of life or death."

Since 2001, there has been speculation that {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} would cease as a daily newspaper. However, in contrast to most French newspapers, its publication has actually since increased to about 75,000.

=After 2001=

In 2006, the paper created a weekly edition, {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité Dimanche}}. The same year {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} had a circulation of 52,800 copies.{{cite news|title=The press in France|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295349.stm|access-date=22 November 2014|work=BBC|date=11 November 2006}} In 2008, it sold its headquarters due to financial problems and called for donations. More than €2 million had been donated by the end of 2008. In 2020, {{Lang|fr|L'Humanité}} had a circulation of 39,522 copies.{{Cite web|title=L'Humanité - ACPM|url=https://www.acpm.fr/Support/l-humanite|access-date=2021-05-06|website=www.acpm.fr}}

class="wikitable" !Year !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020
Circulation \|103,738 \|106,151 \|107,022 \|105,599 \|105,069 \|102,372 \|100,632 \|100,831 \|100,012 \|97,009 \|100,259 \|96,789

class="wikitable"

!Year

!2009

!2010

!2011

!2012

!2013

!2014

!2015

!2016

!2017

!2018

!2019

!2020

Circulation

|103,738

|106,151

|107,022

|105,599

|105,069

|102,372

|100,632

|100,831

|100,012

|97,009

|100,259

|96,789

Fête de l'Humanité

The newspaper organizes the annual Fête de l'Humanité festival as a fundraising event.{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Catherine |title=A French Fair as Workers' Paradise, Feting Cuisine, Music and Communism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/22/world/europe/france-humanity-festival-communism.html |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010005653/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/22/world/europe/france-humanity-festival-communism.html |archive-date=10 October 2024 |language=English |quote=The Fête de l’Huma, as the faithful call it, began in 1930 to raise money for the official Communist Party newspaper, L’Humanité. Today, the left-wing daily is no longer the party’s official organ, but it continues to run the annual festival.}}

References

External links

{{in lang|en}} [http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/pages/001/page_56.asp Fête de l'Humanité: A weekend of politics and Rock'n'Roll] – Radio France Internationale
{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.humanite.fr/ L'Humanité] (official website)
{{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070428010006/http://www.humanite-porusski.com/ L'Humanité на русском языке]
{{in lang|es}} [https://www.cinconoticias.com/ Cinco Noticias] - Actual L'Humanité en Español
{{in lang|en}} [http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/listes/001/liste_type_article_54.asp Regular French Press Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416190350/http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/listes/001/liste_type_article_54.asp |date=16 April 2009 }} – Radio France International
{{in lang|en}} [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb327877302/date L'Humanité{{'}}s digital archives from 1904 to 1944] – Gallica, the digital library of the BnF (archived issues themselves are in French)
{{in lang|fr}}Underground edition of [http://gallica/ark:/12148/cb42456522m/date L'Humanité (zone nord)]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from 1939 to 1944 online in Gallica.
{{in lang|fr}}Underground edition of [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb42396448p/date L'Huma (Bobigny)] online in Gallica.
{{in lang|fr}} Underground edition of [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb327877364/date L'Humanité. Organe central du Parti communiste S.F.I.C. Ed. spéciale féminine. [Zone nord.]] online in Gallica.
{{in lang|en}} [http://www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1904/04/18.htm "Our Goal"], translation of Jean Jaurès' editorial of the first issue