labor share

In economics, the wage share or labor share is the part of national income, or the income of a particular economic sector, allocated to wages (labor). It is related to the capital or profit share, the part of income going to capital,{{cite conference

|title=The Labour Share in G20 Economies

|url=https://www.oecd.org/g20/topics/employment-and-social-policy/The-Labour-Share-in-G20-Economies.pdf

|conference=2015 G20 Antalya summit

|author=G20 Employment Working Group

|date=2015}}

which is also known as the K–Y ratio.{{cite web

|title=Assessing Piketty's laws of capitalism

|first1=Jakob

|last1=Madsen

|first2=Antonio

|last2=Minniti

|first3=Francesco

|last3=Venturini

|publisher=Monash University

|url=https://business.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/339391/assessing_pikettys_laws_of_capitalism.pdf

|date=2015

|access-date=2016-09-25

|archive-date=2016-03-29

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329153531/http://business.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/339391/assessing_pikettys_laws_of_capitalism.pdf

|url-status=dead

}}

The labor share is a key indicator for the distribution of income.{{cite journal

|first=Dorothee

|last=Schneider

|publisher=SFB 649, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

|title=The Labor Share: A Review of Theory and Evidence

|date=2011

|doi=10.18452/4357

|url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/series/sfb-649-papers/2011-69/PDF/69.pdf

}}

The wage share is countercyclical;{{rp|13}} that is, it tends to fall when output increases and rise when output decreases. Despite fluctuating over the business cycle, the wage share was once thought to be stable, which Keynes described as "one of the most surprising, yet best-established facts in the whole range of economic statistics".{{cite journal

|title=Relative Movements of Real Wages and Output

|first=John Maynard

|last=Keynes

|author-link=John Maynard Keynes

|date=1939

|journal=The Economic Journal

|volume=49

|issue=193

|page=48

|jstor=2225182

|doi=10.2307/2225182

}}

The wage share has declined in most developed countries since the 1980s.{{cite book

|title=OECD Employment Outlook 2012

|author=OECD

|url=http://www.oecd.org/els/employmentoutlook-previouseditions.htm

|chapter=Labour Losing to Capital: What Explains the Declining Labour Share?

|chapter-url=http://www.oecd.org/els/emp/EMO%202012%20Eng_Chapter%203.pdf}}{{cite book

|author=International Monetary Fund

|series=World Economic Outlook

|title=Spillovers and Cycles in the Global Economy

|date=April 2007

|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/

|chapter=The Globalization of Labor

|chapter-url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/pdf/c5.pdf

|page=167}}

Definition

The wage share can be defined in various ways, but empirically it is usually defined as total labor compensation or labor costs over nominal GDP or gross value added.

Often the capital share and labor share are assumed to sum to 100%, so that each can be deduced from the other. For example, the Bureau of Labor Statistics defines the labor share in a given sector (LS) as the ratio of labor compensation paid in that sector (C) to current dollar output (CU), i.e. LS = C / CU. The non-labor or capital share (NLS) is defined as 1 − LS.{{cite book

|title=Handbook of Methods|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom|author=Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=April 1997|chapter=Productivity Measures: Business Sector and Major Subsectors|chapter-url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch10.pdf|page=95}}

In Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Piketty described the accounting identity α = r × β as the 'first fundamental law of capitalism', where α represents the capital share, r is the rate of return on capital, and β is the capital to income ratio.{{cite book

|title=Capital in the Twenty-First Century

|last=Piketty

|first=Thomas

|author-link=Thomas Piketty

|publisher=Harvard University Press

|year=2013

}}

Piketty defined the wage share as 1 − α.{{cite web

|last=Piketty

|first=Thomas

|author-link=Thomas Piketty

|title=Table S6.1. The capital-labor split in Britain, 1770–2010

|format=XLS

|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/capital21c/en/xls/Chapter6TablesFigures.xlsx

|access-date=25 September 2016

}}

Because the self-employed perform labor which is not rewarded with wages, the labor share may be underestimated in sectors with a high rate of self-employment. One approach is to assume the labor share of proprietors' income to be fixed.{{cite journal

|title=Measuring Labor's Share

|first=Alan

|last=Krueger

|author-link=Alan Krueger

|journal=American Economic Review

|year=1999

|volume=89 |issue=2

|pages=45–51

|doi=10.1257/aer.89.2.45

|s2cid=153629247

}}

The OECD and the Bureau of Labor Statistics adjust labor compensation by assuming that the self-employed have the same average wage as employees in the same sector.{{rp|2}}

History

The importance of the distribution of income between the factors of production – capital, land and labor – has long been recognized. Ricardo (1817) said that to determine the laws which regulate this distribution is the "principal problem in political economy".{{cite book

|first=David

|last=Ricardo

|author-link=David Ricardo

|date=1817

|title=On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation

|page=R3

|chapter=Preface

|chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33310

|publisher=John Murray, London

}}

Cobb and Douglas's Theory of Production (1928) introduced empirically determined constants α and β which corresponded to the capital and labor share respectively. Cobb and Douglas found that the wage share was about 75% in 1928.{{cite journal

|last1=Cobb

|first1=Charles

|author-link1=Charles Cobb (economist)

|last2=Douglas

|first2=Paul

|author-link2=Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)

|year=1928

|title=A Theory of Production

|journal=American Economic Review

|volume=18

|issue=Supplement

|pages=139–165

|url=https://assets.aeaweb.org/assets/production/journals/aer/top20/18.1.139-165.pdf |accessdate=26 September 2016}}{{rp|163}}

For most of the 20th century, constant labor share was a stylized fact{{rp|14}} known as Bowley's law.

Historical measurements of the wage share can be charted using the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis's FRED tool, which includes time series published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics{{cite web

|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PRS84006173

|author=Bureau of Labor Statistics

|publisher=Federal Reserve Economic Data

|title=Business Sector: Labor Share

|access-date=25 September 2016

}}

and Bureau of Economic Analysis.{{cite web

|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/W270RE1A156NBEA

|author=Bureau of Economic Analysis

|publisher=Federal Reserve Economic Data

|title=Shares of gross domestic income: Compensation of employees, paid: Wage and salary accruals: Disbursements: To persons

|access-date=25 September 2016