land surface models (climate)

Land surface models (LSMs) use quantitative methods to simulate the exchange of water and energy fluxes at the Earth surface–atmosphere interface. They are key component of climate models.Flato, G., and Coauthors, 2013: Evaluation of climate models. In [http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis], T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 741–866. Over the past two decades, they

have evolved from oversimplified schemes, which described the surface boundary conditions for general circulation models (GCMs), to complex models that can be used alone or as part of GCMs to investigate the biogeochemical, hydrological, and energy cycles at the

Earth's surface.Ménard, C.B., J. Ikonen, K. Rautiainen, M. Aurela, A.N. Arslan, and J. Pulliainen, 2015: Effects of Meteorological and Ancillary Data, Temporal Averaging, and Evaluation Methods on Model Performance and Uncertainty in a Land Surface Model. J. Hydrometeor., 16, 2559–2576, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0013.1{{cite journal | url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.893/full | doi=10.1002/joc.893 | title=The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models | year=2003 | last1=Pitman | first1=A. J. | journal=International Journal of Climatology | volume=23 | issue=5 | pages=479–510 | bibcode=2003IJCli..23..479P | s2cid=40273012 | url-access=subscription }}

It has been suggested that "terrestrial biosphere models" (TBMs) is a more inclusive term than land surface models (LSMs).{{Cite journal|last1=Warren|first1=Jeffrey M.|last2=Hanson|first2=Paul J.|last3=Iversen|first3=Colleen M.|last4=Kumar|first4=Jitendra|last5=Walker|first5=Anthony P.|last6=Wullschleger|first6=Stan D.|date=January 2015|title=Root structural and functional dynamics in terrestrial biosphere models – evaluation and recommendations|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=205|issue=1|pages=59–78|doi=10.1111/nph.13034|pmid=25263989 |issn=0028-646X|doi-access=free}} The representation of roots in TBMs (or LSMs), however, remains relatively crude. Particularly, the dynamic functions of roots and phylogenetic basis of water uptake remain largely absent{{Cite journal|last=Iversen|first=Colleen M.|date=August 2014|title=Using root form to improve our understanding of root function|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=203|issue=3|pages=707–709|doi=10.1111/nph.12902|pmid=25040729 |issn=0028-646X|doi-access=}}{{Cite journal|last1=Knighton|first1=James|last2=Fricke|first2=Evan|last3=Evaristo|first3=Jaivime|last4=Boer|first4=Hugo Jan|last5=Wassen|first5=Martin Joseph|date=2021-09-28|title=Phylogenetic Underpinning of Groundwater Use by Trees|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=48|issue=18|doi=10.1029/2021GL093858|bibcode=2021GeoRL..4893858K |issn=0094-8276|doi-access=free}} in LSMs.