landrace

There are differences between authoritative sources on the specific criteria which describe landraces, although there is broad consensus about the existence and utility of the classification. Individual criteria may be weighted differently depending on a given source's focus (e.g., governmental regulation, biological sciences, agribusiness, anthropology and culture, environmental conservation, pet -keeping and -breeding, etc.). Additionally, not all cultivars agreed to be landraces exhibit every characteristic of a landrace. General features that characterize a landrace may include:

File:Snap_melon_-_("phoot")_(8685833094).jpg subspecies agrestis, cultivar group Momordica from Pemba town, northern Mozambique. The landrace incorporates different colours and patterns of the fruit surface and is the only melon cultivar group in northern Mozambique.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}]]

• It is morphologically distinctive and identifiable (i.e., has particular and recognizable characteristics or properties),{{cite book |last=Harlan |first=Jack R. |title=Crops and Man |publisher=American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America |location=Madison, Wisconsin |date=1975|isbn=089118032X}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}} yet remains "dynamic".
• It is genetically adapted to, and has a reputation for being able to withstand, the conditions of the local environment, including climate, disease and pests, even cultural practices.
• It is not the product of formal (governmental, organizational, or private) breeding programs, and may lack systematic selection, development and improvement by breeders.
• It is maintained and fostered less deliberately than a standardized breed, with its genetic isolation principally a matter of geography acting upon whatever animals that happened to be brought by humans to a given area.
• It has a historical origin in a specific geographic area, will usually have its own local name(s), and will often be classified according to intended purpose.
• Where yield (e.g. of a grain or fruit crop) can be measured, a landrace will show high stability of yield, even under adverse conditions, but a moderate yield {{em|level}}, even under carefully managed conditions.
• At the level of genetic testing, its heredity will show a degree of integrity, but still some genetic heterogeneity (i.e. genetic diversity).{{cite journal| last=Harlan |first=Jack R. |journal= Science |date=1971 |volume=174 |issue=4008 |pages=468–474 |title=Agricultural Origins: Centers and Noncenters: Agriculture May Originate in Discrete Centers or Evolve Over Vast Areas Without Definable Centers |doi=10.1126/science.174.4008.468|pmid=17745730 |jstor=1733521 |s2cid=24239918 }}

{{See also | Breed | Cultivar | Ecotype }}

{{wikt | landrace}}

Landrace literally means 'country-breed' (German: Landrasse){{Cite web| url= http://Dictionary.Reference.com/browse/landrace?s=t |title=Landrace |author= |date=2014 |work=Dictionary.com Unabridged |publisher=Random House |access-date=August 5, 2014}} Based on the Random House Dictionary. and close cognates of it are found in various Germanic languages. The first known reference to the role of landraces as genetic resources was made in 1890 at an agriculture and forestry congress in Vienna, Austria. The term was first defined by Kurt von Rümker in 1908,{{cite journal |last=Zeven |first=A. C. |title=Landraces: A Review of Definitions and classifications |journal=Euphytica |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=127–139 |date=1998 |doi=10.1023/A:1018683119237|s2cid=20631394 }} Abstract and first two pages are available for [//link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1018683119237#page-1 free access]. and more clearly described in 1909 by U. J. Mansholt, who wrote that landraces have more stable characteristics and better resistance to adverse conditions, but have lower production capacity than cultivars, and are apt to change genetically when moved to another environment. H. Kiessling added in 1912 that a landrace is a mixture of phenotypic forms despite relative outward uniformity, and a great adaptability to its natural and human environment.

The word landrace entered non-academic English in the early 1930s, by way of the Danish Landrace pig, a particular breed of lop-eared swine. Many other languages do not use separate terms, like landrace and breed, but instead rely on extended description to convey such distinctions. Spanish is one such language.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

Geneticist D. Phillip Sponenberg described animal breeds within these classes: the landrace, the standardized breed, modern "type" breeds, industrial strains, and feral populations. He describes landraces as an early stage of breed development, created by a combination of founder effect, isolation, and environmental pressures. Human selection for production goals is also typical of landraces.{{cite book |last1=Sponenberg|first1=D. Phillip |last2=Bixby| first2=Donald E. |title=Managing Breeds for a Secure Future: Strategies for Breeders and Breed Associations |date=2007 |publisher=American Livestock Breeds Conservancy |location=Pittsboro, North Carolina |pages=8–10 |isbn=9781887316071 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GmsDwDuuP2cC}}

As discussed in more detail in breed, that term itself has several definitions from various scientific and animal husbandry perspectives. Some of those senses of breed relate to the concept of landraces. A Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) guideline defines landrace and landrace breed as "a breed that has largely developed through adaptation to the natural environment and traditional production system in which it has been raised."{{cite book |chapter=Glossary of Selected Terms |title=In Vivo Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources |pages=xv–xx |author=Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization |series=FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines |issue=14 |issn=1810-0708 |chapter-url= https://FAO.org/docrep/018/i3327e/i3327e.pdf }} This is in contrast to its definition of a standardized breed: "a breed of livestock that was developed according to a strict programme of genetic isolation and formal artificial selection to achieve a particular phenotype."

In various domestic species (including pigs, goats, sheep and geese) some standardized breeds include "Landrace" in their names, but do not meet widely used definitions of landraces. For example, the British Landrace pig is a standardized breed, derived from earlier breeds with "Landrace" names.{{Cite web |title=The British Landrace: Breed History |work=BritishPigs.org.uk |publisher=British Pig Association |author= |location=Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, UK |date=2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |url=http://britishpigs.org.uk/breed_la.htm |archive-date=20 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120132205/http://www.britishpigs.org.uk/breed_la.htm |url-status=dead }}

Farmers' variety, usually applied to local cultivars, or seen as intermediate between a landrace and a cultivar, may also include landraces when referring to plant varieties not subjected to formal breeding programs.

A landrace native to, or produced for a long time within the agricultural system in which it is found is referred to as an autochthonous landrace, while a more recently introduced one is termed an allochthonous landrace.{{cite book |chapter-url=http://FAO.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/seeds-pgr/resource-book/en/ |chapter-format=PDF |title=Resource Book for the Preparation of National Plans for Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives and Landraces |chapter=Section B. Landraces: B.1. Introduction |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2014 |author= |access-date=August 6, 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Within academic agronomy, the term autochthonous landrace is sometimes used with a more technical, productivity-related definition, synthesized by A. C. Zeven from previous definitions beginning with Mansholt's: "an autochthonous landrace is a variety with a high capacity to tolerate biotic and abiotic stress, resulting in a high yield stability and an intermediate yield level under a low input agricultural system."

The terms autochthonous and allochthonous are most often applied to plants, with animals more often being referred to as indigenous or native. Examples of references in sources to long-term local landraces of livestock include constructions such as "indigenous landraces of sheep",{{Cite FTP |title=Adding Value to South African Landrace Breeds Conservation through Utilisation |first1=K. |last1=Ramsay |first2=M. |last2=Smuts |first3=H. C. |last3=Els |date=2000 |volume=27 |number=27 |pages=9–15 |doi=10.1017/S1014233900001243 |server=Animal Genetic Resources Information |url-status=dead |url=ftp://ftp.FAO.org/docrep/fao/012/x7694t/x7694t01.pdf }} and "Leicester Longwool sheep were bred to the native landraces of the region".{{cite book | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nSnxyo0dI1oC&pg=PT83 |title=Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep |chapter="Charollais" |first1=Paula |last1=Simmons |first2=Carol |last2=Ekarius | date= 2009 |orig-year=2001 |edition=New |publisher=Storey Publishing |isbn=9781603423908}} Some usage of autochthonous does occur in reference to livestock, e.g. "autochthonous races of cattle such as the Asturian mountain cattle – Ratina and Casina – and Tudanca cattle."{{cite web |url=http://unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/spain/picos-de-europa/ |title=Picos de Europa |author= |date=April 2014 |publisher=United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) |access-date=2014-10-03 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101825/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/spain/picos-de-europa/ |url-status=dead }}

File:Cucurbita_maxima_zapallo_plomo_(semillas_Costanzi)_temporada_2014.jpg landrace of Cucurbita maxima squash]]

A significant proportion of farmers around the world grow landrace crops.{{Cite journal |url=http://NIAB.com/research/pgbe/genetics/diversity-genomics-group/research/projects/landraces.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514105759/http://www.niab.com/research/pgbe/genetics/diversity-genomics-group/research/projects/landraces.html |archive-date=2008-05-14 |last1=Jones |first1=Huw |last2=Lister |first2=Diane L. |last3=Bower |first3=Mim A. |last4=Leigh |first4=Fiona J. |last5=Smith |first5=Lydia M. |last6=Jones |first6=Martin K. |title=Approaches and Constraints of Using Existing Landrace Material to Understand Agricultural Spread in Prehistory |volume=6 |journal=Plant Genetic Resources |issue=2 |pages=98–112 |date=August 2008 |doi=10.1017/S1479262108993138 |doi-broken-date=25 December 2024 |s2cid=86662605 |access-date=August 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }} The copy at this URL is missing the author information but provides full text otherwise; that information is available in [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1924236 this official online abstract]. However, as industrialized agriculture spreads, cultivars, which are selectively bred for high yield, rapid growth, disease and drought resistance, and other commercial production values, are supplanting landraces, putting more and more of them at risk of extinction.{{citation needed|date=August 2014|reason=True, but needs source. Also clarification perhaps that these are hybrid varieties in most cases.}}

In 1927 at the International Agricultural Congress, organized by the predecessor of the FAO, an extensive discussion was held on the need to conserve landraces. A recommendation that members organize nation-by-nation landrace conservation did not succeed in leading to widespread conservation efforts.

Landraces are often free from many intellectual property and other regulatory encumbrances. However, in some jurisdictions, a focus on their production may result in missing out on some benefits afforded to producers of genetically selected and homogenous organisms, including breeders' rights legislation, easier availability of loans and other business services, even the right to share seed or stock with others, depending on how favorable the laws in the area are to high-yield agribusiness interests.{{cite web |url=http://InWEnt.org/ez/articles/169196/index.en.shtml |title=An Issue of Survival |first=Regine |last=Andersen |work=Development & Cooperation |date=April 2010 |volume=51 |issue=4 |publisher=Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927085330/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/169196/index.en.shtml |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=August 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }}

As Regine Andersen of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (Norway) and the Farmers' Rights Project puts it, "Agricultural biodiversity is being eroded. This trend is putting at risk the ability of future generations to feed themselves. In order to reverse the trend, new policies must be implemented worldwide. The irony of the matter is that the poorest farmers are the stewards of genetic diversity." Protecting farmer interests and protecting biodiversity is at the heart of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the "Plant Treaty" for short), under the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), though its concerns are not exclusively limited to landraces.

Landraces played a basic role in the development of the standardized breeds but are today threatened by the market success of the standardized breeds. In developing countries, landraces still play an important role, especially in traditional production systems. Specimens within an animal landrace tend to be genetically similar, though more diverse than members of a standardized or formal breed.

File:Ecotipi_carosello_e_barattiere.jpg and Barattiere, Italian landraces of Cucumis melo whose fruits are eaten unripe]]

Two approaches have been used to conserve plant landraces:

• in situ where the landrace is grown and conserved by farmers on farms.
• ex situ where the landrace is conserved in an artificial environment such as a gene-bank, using controls such as laminated packets kept frozen at {{convert|-18|C|F}}.

As the amount of agricultural land dedicated to growing landrace crops declines, such as in the example of wheat landraces in the Fertile Crescent, landraces can become extinct in cultivation. Therefore ex situ landrace conservation practices are considered a way to avoid losing the genetic diversity completely. Research published in 2020 suggested that existing ways of cataloging diversity within ex situ genebanks fall short of cataloging the appropriate information for landrace crops.{{Cite journal |last1=Ramirez-Villegas |first1=Julian |last2=Khoury |first2=Colin K. |last3=Achicanoy |first3=Harold A. |last4=Mendez |first4=Andres C. |last5=Diaz |first5=Maria Victoria |last6=Sosa |first6=Chrystian C. |last7=Debouck |first7=Daniel G. |last8=Kehel |first8=Zakaria |last9=Guarino |first9=Luigi |date=2020 |title=A gap analysis modelling framework to prioritize collecting for ex situ conservation of crop landraces |journal= Diversity and Distributions |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=730–742 |doi=10.1111/ddi.13046 |jstor=26914952 |bibcode=2020DivDi..26..730R |s2cid=216486179 |issn=1366-9516|doi-access=free |hdl=10568/108131 |hdl-access=free }}

An in situ conservation effort to save the Berrettina di Lungavilla squash landrace made use of participatory plant breeding practices in order to incorporate the local community into the work.

Preservation efforts for cereal strains are ongoing including in situ and in online-searchable germplasm collections (seed banks), coordinated by Biodiversity International and the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB, UK). However, more may need to be done, because plant genetic variety, the source of crop health and seed quality, depends on a diversity of landraces and other traditionally used varieties. Efforts ({{as of|2008|lc=y}}) were mostly focused on Iberia, the Balkans, and European Russia, and dominated by species from mountainous areas. Despite their incompleteness, these efforts have been described as "crucial in preventing the extinction of many of these local ecotypes".

An agricultural study published in 2008 showed that landrace cereal crops began to decline in Europe in the 19th century such that cereal landraces "have largely fallen out of use" in Europe. Landrace cultivation in central and northwest Europe was almost eradicated by the early 20th century, due to economic pressure to grow improved, modern cultivars.{{cite book |editor-last1=Bonjean |editor-first1=Alain P. |editor-last2=Angus |editor-first2=William J. |title=The World Wheat Book: A History of Wheat Breeding |volume=1 |date=2001 |publisher=Lavoisier/Intercept |location=Paris, France |isbn=978-1898298724}}{{Page needed|date=August 2014}} While many in the region are already extinct, some have survived by being passed from generation to generation, and have also been revived by enthusiasts outside Europe to preserve European agriculture and food culture elsewhere. These survivals are usually for specific uses, such as thatch, and traditional European cuisine and craft beer brewing.

{{See also | Plant breeding#Evolutionary plant breeding}}

The label landrace includes regional cultigens that are genetically heterogeneous, but with enough characteristics in common to permit their recognition as a group. These characteristics are used by farmers to manage diversity and purity within landraces.{{Cite journal |last=Gibson |first=Richard W. |date=2009 |title=A Review of Perceptual Distinctiveness in Landraces Including an Analysis of How Its Roles Have Been Overlooked in Plant Breeding for Low-Input Farming Systems |jstor=27807238 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=242–255 |doi=10.1007/s12231-009-9086-3 |bibcode=2009EcBot..63..242G |s2cid=41869355 |issn=0013-0001}}

In some cultures, the development of new landraces is typically limited to members of specific social groups, such as women or shaman. Maintaining existing landraces, like developing new landraces, requires that farmers be able to identify crop-specific characteristics and that those characteristics are passed on to following generations.

Over time, the process of identifying the distinguishing characteristic or features of a new landrace is reinforced by cultivation processes; for example, descendants of a plant that is notably drought tolerant may become iteratively more so through selective breeding as farmers regard it as better for dry areas and prioritize planting it in those locations. This is one way in which farming systems can develop a portfolio of landraces over time that have specific ecological niches and uses.

Conversely, modern cultivars can also be developed into a landrace over time when farmers save seed and practice selective breeding.{{cite book |editor-last1=Friis-Hansen |editor-first1=Esbern |editor-last2=Sthapit |editor-first2=Bhuwon |title=Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute |location=Rome, Italy |date=2000 |page=199 |isbn=978-92-9043-444-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5oSB_Dmwio4C}}

Although landraces are often discussed once they have become endemic to a particular geographical region, landraces have always been moved over long and short distances. Some landraces can adapt to various environments, while others only thrive within specific conditions. Self-fertilizing and vegetatively populated species adapt by changing the frequencies of phenotypes. Outbreeding crops absorb new genotypes through intentional and unintentional hybridization, or through mutation.

A clear example of vegetal landrace would consist in the diverse adaptations of wheat to differential artificial selection constraints.{{Cite journal |last1=Wingen |first1=Luzie U |last2=West |first2=Claire |last3=Leverington-Waite |first3=Michelle |last4=Collier |first4=Sarah |last5=Orford |first5=Simon |last6=Goram |first6=Richard |last7=Yang |first7=Cai-Yun |last8=King |first8=Julie |last9=Allen |first9=Alexandra M |last10=Burridge |first10=Amanda |last11=Edwards |first11=Keith J |last12=Griffiths |first12=Simon |date=2017-04-01 |title=Wheat Landrace Genome Diversity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.194688 |journal=Genetics |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=1657–1676 |doi=10.1534/genetics.116.194688 |pmid=28213475 |pmc=5378120 |issn=1943-2631}}

Members of a landrace variety, selected for uniformity with regards to a unique feature over a period of time, can be developed into a farmers' variety or cultivar.{{cite book |last=Ramanandan |first=P. |chapter=Pigeonpea: Genetic Resources |pages=89–116 |title=The Pigeonpea |editor=Nene, Y.L. |publisher=CAB International (CABI) |location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK |year=1997}} Traits from landraces are valuable for incorporation into elite lines. Crop disease resistance genes from landraces can provide eternally-needed resistances to more widely-used, modern varieties.{{ Cite journal | year=2021 | publisher=Cell Press | pages=1–20 | first7=Rajeev | first6=Susan | first5=Chikelu | first4=Mario | first3=Shoba | first2=Benjamin | first1=Abhishek | last7=Varshney | last6=McCouch | last5=Mba | last4=Caccamo | last3=Sivasankar | last2=Kilian | last1=Bohra | journal=Trends in Biotechnology | issn=0167-7799 | doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.009 | s2cid=238580339 | pmid=34629170 | title=Reap the crop wild relatives for breeding future crops| volume=40 | issue=4 | doi-access=free }}

{{Anchor|Animal landraces}}

Some standardized animal breeds originate from attempts to make landraces more consistent through selective breeding, and a landrace may become a more formal breed with the creation of a breed registry or publication of a breed standard. In such a case, one may think of the landrace as a "stage" in breed development. However, in other cases, formalizing a landrace may result in the genetic resource of a landrace being lost through crossbreeding.{{cite book |last= Sponenberg |first= D. Phillip |chapter= Genetic Resources and Their Conservation |pages= 392–393 |editor1-last= Bowling|editor1-first= Ann T. |editor2-last= Ruvinsky |editor2-first= Anatoly |title= The Genetics of the Horse |date= May 18, 2000 |publisher=CABI Publishing|location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK|isbn= 978-0-85199-429-1 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL3A097IbjsC&q=Landrace+horses&pg=PA392 |access-date= September 28, 2014}}

While many landrace animals are associated with farming, other domestic animals have been put to use as modes of transportation, as companion animals, for sporting purposes, and for other non-farming uses, so their geographic distribution may differ. For example, horse landraces are less common because human use of them for transport has meant that they have moved with people more commonly and constantly than most other domestic animals, reducing the incidence of populations locally genetically isolated for extensive periods of time.

Many standardized breeds have rather recently (within a century or less) been derived from landraces. Examples, often called natural breeds, include Arabian Mau, Egyptian Mau, Korat, Kurilian Bobtail, Maine Coon, Manx, Norwegian Forest Cat, Siberian, and Siamese.

In some cases, such as the Turkish Angora and Turkish Van breeds and their possible derivation from the Van cat landrace, the relationships are not entirely clear.

{{Cleanup|reason=quality of website sources|date=October 2015}}

Dog landraces and the selectively bred dog breeds that follow breed standards vary widely depending on their origins and purpose.{{cite book |last1=Lord|first1=Kathryn |last2=Coppinger|first2=Lorna |last3=Coppinger|first3=Raymond |title=Differences in the Behavior of Landraces and Breeds of Dogs |editor1-last=Grandin|editor1-first=Temple |editor2-last=Deesing|editor2-first=Mark J. |work=Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals |date=2013 |pages=195–235 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780124055087 |edition=2nd |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4L3dMJ8-aWgC |access-date=August 13, 2014}}

Landraces are distinguished from dog breeds which have breed standards, breed clubs and registries.{{cite web |last1=Dohner |first1=Jan |title=Choosing a Livestock Guard Dog Breed, Part Two |url=http://MotherEarthNews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/choosing-a-livestock-guard-dog-breed-two-zbcz1312.aspx#axzz3AKTk5iKf |work=Mother Earth News|date=December 6, 2013 |access-date=August 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814083828/http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/choosing-a-livestock-guard-dog-breed-two-zbcz1312.aspx#axzz3AKTk5iKf |archive-date=2014-08-14 |url-status=dead }}

Landrace dogs have more variety in their appearance than do standardized dog breeds. An example of a dog landrace with a related standardized breed with a similar name is the collie. The Scotch Collie is a landrace, while the Rough Collie and the Border Collie are standardized breeds. They can be very different in appearance, though the Rough Collie in particular was developed from the Scotch Collie by inbreeding to fix certain highly desired traits. In contrast to the landrace, in the various standardized Collie breeds, purebred individuals closely match a breed-standard appearance but might have lost other useful characteristics and have developed undesirable traits linked to inbreeding.{{cite web|last1=Ward|first1=Andy|title=Landrace vs. Purebred Scotch Collies|url= http://OldtimeFarmShepherd.org/current-collie-articles/landrace-vs-purebred-scotch-collies/ |work=Old-Time Farm Shepherd: Dedicated to Bringing Back the Old Scotch Collie of Yesterday |publisher=Old-time Scotch Collie Association}}

The ancient landrace dogs of the Fertile Crescent that led to the Saluki breed excels in running down game across open tracts of hot desert, but conformation-bred individuals of the breed are not necessarily able to chase and catch desert hares.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

Some standardized breeds that are derived from landraces include the Dutch Landrace, Swedish Landrace and Finnish Landrace goats. The Danish Landrace is a modern mix of three different breeds, one of which was a "Landrace"-named breed.

The wild progenitor of the domestic horse is extinct. It is rare for landraces among domestic horses to remain isolated, due to human use of horses for transportation, thus causing horses to move from one local population to another.

The heavy 'draft' type of domestic horse, developed in Europe, has differentiated into many separate landraces or breeds.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Examples of horse landraces also include insular populations in Greece and Indonesia, and, on a broader scale, New World populations derived from the founder stock of Colonial Spanish horse.

The Yakutian and Mongolian Horses of Asia have "unimproved" characteristics.{{Citation |title=International encyclopedia of horse breeds |author=Bonnie Lou Hendricks |year=1995 |access-date=2009-04-20 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhNFW0sD3jMC |isbn=978-0-8061-2753-8}}

The standardized swine breeds named "Landrace" are often not actually landraces or derived from landraces. The Danish Landrace pig breed, pedigreed in 1896 from an actual local landrace, is the principal ancestor of the American Landrace (1930s). In this way, the Swedish Landrace is derived from the Danish and from other Scandinavian breeds, as is the British Landrace breed.

Many standardized goose breeds named "Landrace", e.g. the Twente Landrace goose, are not actually true landraces, but may be derived from them.

{{category see also|Dog landraces}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Landrace breeds}}

• [//Diverseeds.eu/uploads/media/Crop_Wild_Relatives_ver2.mp4 Short DIVERSEEDS video on crop wild relatives and landraces in the fertile crescent in Israel]

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