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landscape architect

{{Short description|Designer of public spaces}}

File:Thomas Medland01.jpg, by Thomas Medland]]

File:Team that Created NY Central Park.jpg and Calvert Vaux and the team they gathered to execute the Greensward Plan, their 1858 design for Central Park in Manhattan, photographed in 1862 at the park standing on the pathway atop the span of the Willowdell Arch (from the left: Andrew Haswell Green, George Waring, Vaux, Ignaz Anton Pilat, Jacob Wrey Mould, and Olmsted)]]

A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture. The practice of landscape architecture includes: site analysis, site inventory, site planning, land planning, planting design, grading, storm water management, sustainable design, construction specification, and ensuring that all plans meet the current building codes and local and federal ordinances.{{Cite web|title=What Is Landscape Architecture? {{!}} asla.org|url=https://www.asla.org/aboutlandscapearchitecture.aspx|access-date=2020-07-27|website=www.asla.org|archive-date=2021-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111010151/https://www.asla.org/aboutlandscapearchitecture.aspx|url-status=live}}

The practice of landscape architecture dates to some of the earliest of human cultures and just as much as the practice of medicine has been inimical to the species and ubiquitous worldwide for several millennia. However, this article examines the modern profession and educational discipline of those practicing the design of landscape architecture.

In the 1700s, Humphry Repton described his occupation as "landscape gardener" on business cards he had prepared to represent him in work that now would be described as that of a landscape architect.

The title, "landscape architect", was first used by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park in Manhattan and numerous projects of large scale both public and private. He was the founder of a firm of landscape architects who employed highly skilled professionals to design and execute aspects of projects designed under his auspices.

Depending on the jurisdiction, landscape architects who pass state requirements to become registered, licensed, or certified may be entitled to use the postnominal letters corresponding to their seal, typically RLA (Registered Landscape Architect) or more recently, PLA (Professional Landscape Architect) n.{{Cite web |website=The Field |url=https://thefield.asla.org/2012/08/27/licensed-to-design-pla/ |title=Licensed to Design: PLA |date=27 August 2012 |publisher=American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914020542/https://thefield.asla.org/2012/08/27/licensed-to-design-pla/ |url-status=live }} In the US, all 50 states have adopted licensure."LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS ARE LICENSED IN ALL 50 STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA", {{Cite web|last=American Society of Landscape Architects|title=Become a Landscape Architect|url=https://www.asla.org/stategovtaffairslicensure.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-14|website=www.asla.org|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914021928/https://www.asla.org/stategovtaffairslicensure.aspx}} The American Society of Landscape Architects endorses the postnominal letters PLA, for Professional Landscape Architect, even though there is no legal or professional distinction between the use of RLA or PLA.{{Cite web|url=https://www.asla.org/uploadedFiles/CMS/Government_Affairs/Public_Policies/Licensure%20Universal%20Designation.pdf|title=Professional Licensure: Universal Designation|publisher=American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA)|location=Washington, DC|access-date=2021-09-14|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914020541/https://www.asla.org/uploadedFiles/CMS/Government_Affairs/Public_Policies/Licensure%20Universal%20Designation.pdf|url-status=live}}

Australia

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The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) states that "Landscape Architects research, plan, design, and advise on the stewardship, conservation, and sustainability of development of the environment and spaces, both within and beyond the built environment".{{cite web|url=http://www.aila.org.au/|title=Home|publisher=Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA)|access-date=2009-03-03|archive-date=2017-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726202000/http://www.aila.org.au/|url-status=live}}{{incomplete short citation|date=August 2023|quote not found, need access date}} This definition of the profession of landscape architect is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations, International Labour Office,{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---sro-moscow/documents/publication/wcms_306604.pdf|title=International Standard Classification of Occupations|last=International Labour Force|date=2012|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202457/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---sro-moscow/documents/publication/wcms_306604.pdf|url-status=live}} Geneva.

File:Markdale2.jpg

Some notable Australian landscape architects include Catherin Bull,{{cite web|url=https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/profile/3686-catherin-bull|title=Prof Catherin Bull|publisher=The University of Melbourne|website=Find an Expert|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=2019-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222115652/https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/profile/3686-catherin-bull|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://southbankcorporation.com.au/people/dr-catherin-bull-am |title=Dr Catherin Bull AM |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-12-15 |archive-date=2017-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110747/https://southbankcorporation.com.au/people/dr-catherin-bull-am }} Kevin Taylor,{{Cite news|url=https://architectureau.com/articles/a-tribute-to-kevin-taylor/|title=A tribute to Kevin Taylor|work=ArchitectureAU|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-AU|archive-date=2017-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100535/https://architectureau.com/articles/a-tribute-to-kevin-taylor/|url-status=live}} Richard Weller, Peter Spooner,{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/obituaries/peter-spooner-architect-shaped-attitudes-to-landscape-design-20141107-11ioza.html|title=Peter Spooner: Architect shaped attitudes to landscape design|date=10 November 2014|via=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926150002/http://www.smh.com.au/comment/obituaries/peter-spooner-architect-shaped-attitudes-to-landscape-design-20141107-11ioza.html|url-status=live}} Sydney based writer and designer (Doris) Jocelyn Brown,{{cite book|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brown-doris-jocelyn-9975|title=Australian Dictionary of Biography|first=Helen|last=Proudfoot|chapter=Brown, Doris Jocelyn (1898–1971)|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|via=Australian Dictionary of Biography|access-date=2017-09-26|archive-date=2017-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926142909/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brown-doris-jocelyn-9975|url-status=live}} Grace Fraser,{{Cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/pioneering-australian-landscape-architect-grace-fraser-20100730-10zxb.html|title=Pioneering Australian landscape architect, Grace Fraser|first=ANNE|last=LATREILLE|date=July 30, 2010|work=The Age|accessdate=July 21, 2024}}

Bruce Mackenzie,{{cite web|url=https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/bruce-and-stuart-mackenzie/ |title=Bruce and Stuart Mackenzie |website=landscapeaustralia.com}}{{cite web|url=https://books.apple.com/au/book/design-with-landscape/id842469960|title=Design With Landscape by Bruce Mackenzie on iBooks|website=iBooks|access-date=2017-09-26|archive-date=2017-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121154116/https://itunes.apple.com/au/book/design-with-landscape/id842469960?mt=11|url-status=live}} Mary Jeavons,{{Cite web |url=https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/dedicated-to-play-mary-jeavons/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806064726/https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/dedicated-to-play-mary-jeavons/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |title=Dedicated to play: Mary Jeavons |first=Lucy |last=Salt |publisher=Landscape Australia |date=20 July 2020}} Janet Conrad,{{Cite web |title=Remembering Janet Conrad, landscape architect |date=30 August 2021 |first=Lawrie |last=Smith |publisher=Landscape Australia |url=https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/vale-janet-conrad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830045419/https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/vale-janet-conrad/ |archive-date=30 August 2021 |url-status=dead }} Dr Jim Sinatra,{{Cite web |title=Jim Sinatra |url=https://www.aila.org.au/NIMBY/NIMBY_Speakers/Jim%20Sinatra.aspx |website=Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) |access-date=2022-09-15 |archive-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915061432/https://www.aila.org.au/NIMBY/NIMBY_Speakers/Jim%20Sinatra.aspx |url-status=live }} William Guilfoyle, Ina Higgins, Edna Walling, and Ellis Stones.

To become a recognised professional landscape architect in Australia, the first requirement is to obtain a degree in landscape architecture accredited by the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects. After at least two years of recognised professional practice, graduates may submit for further assessment to obtain full professional recognition by AILA.

Canada

The Canadian Society of Landscape Architects (CSLA) is the country's professional association of landscape architects.{{cite web |title=About CSLA |url=https://www.csla-aapc.ca/https://www.csla-aapc.ca/about-csla/society |website=CSLA Canadian Society of Landscape Architects/Association des architectes paysagistes du Canada |access-date=13 September 2022}} Some notable Canadian landscape architects include Cornelia Oberlander,{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=Penelope |title=Cornelia Oberlander, a Farsighted Landscape Architect, Dies at 99 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/arts/design/cornelia-oberlander-dead-coronavirus.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627175230/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/arts/design/cornelia-oberlander-dead-coronavirus.html |url-status=live }} Claude Cormier,{{cite news |last1=Bozikovic |first1=Alex |title=Dogs, pink umbrellas and wedding photos: Claude Cormier's artful places for people |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-dogs-pink-umbrellas-and-wedding-photos-claude-cormiers-artful-places/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=The Globe and Mail |date=January 2, 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913184641/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-dogs-pink-umbrellas-and-wedding-photos-claude-cormiers-artful-places/ |url-status=live }} Peter Jacobs, Janet Rosenberg,{{cite news |last1=Bozikovic |first1=Alex |title=Fort York: Toronto's most historic site gets a 21st-century upgrade |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/fort-york-torontos-most-historic-site-gets-a-21st-century-upgrade/article21692153/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 21, 2014 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821152023/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/fort-york-torontos-most-historic-site-gets-a-21st-century-upgrade/article21692153/ |url-status=live }} Marc Ryan, and Michael Hough.{{cite news |last1=Lorinc |first1=John |title=Clear-cutting Michael Hough's landscaping at Ontario Place |url=http://spacing.ca/toronto/2022/09/09/lorinc-clear-cutting-michael-houghs-landscaping-at-ontario-place/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=spacing |date=September 9, 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913184641/http://spacing.ca/toronto/2022/09/09/lorinc-clear-cutting-michael-houghs-landscaping-at-ontario-place/ |url-status=live }}

United Kingdom

The Landscape Institute is the recognised body relating to the field of Landscape Architecture throughout the United Kingdom. To become a recognised landscape architect in the UK takes approximately seven years. To begin the process, one has to study an accredited course by the Landscape Institute to obtain a bachelor's degree in landscape architecture or a similar field. Following this one must progress onto a postgraduate diploma in the field of landscape architecture covering the subject in far greater detail such as mass urban planning, construction, and planting. Following this, the trainee must complete the Pathway to Chartership,{{cite web |url=http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/about/membership_grades/about_ppe |publisher=Landscape Institute |title=About PPE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915225507/http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/about/membership_grades/about_ppe/ |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead }} a challenging program set out by the Landscape Institute. Following this, one is awarded a full landscape architect title and membership among the Chartered Members of the Landscape Institute (CMLI).

United States

File:New York City. Plan for Entrance to Central Park (3678964534).jpg by Richard Morris Hunt (American, 1827–1895) c. 1863]]

The United States is the founding country of the formal profession entitled landscape architecture. Those in this field work both to create an aesthetically pleasing setting and also to protect and preserve the environment in an area. In the U.S., a need to formalize the practice and a name for the profession was resolved in 1899 with the formation of the American Society of Landscape Architects. A few of the many talented and influential landscape architects who have been based in the United States are: Frederick Law Olmsted, Beatrix Farrand, Jens Jensen, Ian McHarg, Thomas Church, Arthur Shurtleff, Ellen Biddle Shipman John Nolen, Lawrence Halprin, Charles Edgar Dickinson, Iris Miller, and Robert Royston.

Royston summed up one American theme:

Landscape architecture practices the fine art of relating the structure of culture to the nature of landscape, to the end that people can use it, enjoy it, and preserve it.

Work scope

The following is an outline of the typical scope of service for a landscape architect:Australian Institute of Landscape Architects: March 2005

File:Italienischer Garten Marzahn 01.jpg

File:Fountainterrace2b.jpg in Washington, D.C., designed by landscape architect Beatrix Farrand in 1921, was opened to the public in 1939.]]

  1. Developing new or improved theories, policy, and methods for landscape planning, design, and management at local, regional, national, and multinational levels
  2. Developing policies and plans and implementing and monitoring proposals for conservation and recreation areas such as national parks
  3. Developing new or improved theories and methods to promote environmental awareness and undertaking planning, design, restoration, management, and maintenance of cultural and historic landscapes, parks, sites, and gardens.
  4. Planning, design, management, maintenance, and monitoring functional and aesthetic layouts of built environment in urban, suburban, and rural areas including private and public open spaces, parks, gardens, streetscapes, plazas, housing developments, burial grounds, memorials; tourist, commercial, industrial and educational complexes; sports grounds, zoos, botanic gardens, recreation areas, and farms
  5. Contributing to the planning, aesthetic and functional design, location, management, and maintenance of infrastructure such as roads, dams, wind farms, and other energy and major development projects
  6. Undertaking landscape assessments including environmental and visual impact assessments to prepare policies or inform new developments
  7. Inspecting sites, analyzing factors such as climate, soil, flora, fauna, surface and subsurface water and drainage; and consulting with clients and making recommendations regarding methods of work and sequences of operations for projects related to the landscape and built environment
  8. Identifying and developing appropriate solutions regarding the quality and use of the built environment in urban, suburban, and rural areas and making designs, plans, and working drawings, specifications of work, cost estimates, and time schedules
  9. Monitoring the realisation and inspecting the construction of proposals to ensure compliance with plans, specifications of work, cost estimates, and time schedules
  10. Conducting research, preparing scientific papers, and technical reports, developing policy, teaching, and advising on aspects regarding landscape architecture such as the application of geographic information systems, remote sensing, law, landscape communication, interpretation, and landscape ecology
  11. Project management of large scale landscape planning and design projects including management of other consultants such as engineers, architects, and planners
  12. Acting as an expert witness in development and environment courts

Further reading

  • [https://www.asla.org/aboutlandscapearchitecture.aspx What is Landscape Architecture] American Society of Landscape Architects profiles landscape architecture
  • [http://www.aila.org.au/imis_prod/AILAWeb/Explore_Landscape_Architecture/Exploring_Landscape_Architecture_Videos/AILAWeb/Exploring_LA/Exploring_Landscape_Architecture.aspx?hkey=22b844c9-cff2-40a7-825e-961a4e9b9064 Exploring Landscape Architecture] Interviews with Australian landscape architects discussing their work
  • [http://www.aila.org.au/iMIS_Prod/AILAWeb/Explore_Landscape_Architecture/AILA_Celebrates_50_Years/AILAWeb/AILA_News/2016/AILA_Celebrates_50_Years.aspx?hkey=85ae3acc-e49f-4428-a1d9-30c9abc84921/ AILA Celebrates 50 Years]. History of landscape architecture in Australia
  • [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000QBW8DK/ Kerb 15]. Landscape Urbanism. Launched by Charles Waldheim, April 2007. Content includes articles and interviews from Charles Waldheim, Mohsen Mostafavi, Alejandro Zaera-Polo (FOA), Kathryn Gustafson, Bart Brands, and Richard Weller

See also

References

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External links

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Category:Architecture occupations

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