laser broom
{{short description|Ground-based laser beam-powered system to clear space debris}}
{{use dmy dates |date=June 2021}}
File:Laser broom (artistic).jpg
A laser broom is a proposed ground-based laser beam-powered propulsion system that sweeps space debris out of the path of artificial satellites (such as the International Space Station) to prevent collateral damage to space equipment. It heats up one side of the debris to shift its orbit trajectory, altering the path to hit the atmosphere sooner. Space researchers have proposed that a laser broom may help mitigate Kessler syndrome, a runaway cascade of collision events between orbiting objects. Additionally, laser broom systems mounted on satellites or space station have also been proposed.{{Cite journal|date=2014-08-01|title=Cleaning space debris with a space-based laser system|journal=Chinese Journal of Aeronautics|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=805–811|doi=10.1016/j.cja.2014.05.002|issn=1000-9361|doi-access=free|last1=Shen|first1=Shuangyan|last2=Jin|first2=Xing|last3=Hao|first3=Chang}}{{Cite journal|date=2018-02-01|title=Impacts of orbital elements of space-based laser station on small scale space debris removal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030402617312068|journal=Optik|language=en|volume=154|pages=83–92|doi=10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.10.008|issn=0030-4026|last1=Wen|first1=Quan|last2=Yang|first2=Liwei|last3=Zhao|first3=Shanghong|last4=Fang|first4=Yingwu|last5=Wang|first5=Yi|last6=Hou|first6=Rui|bibcode=2018Optik.154...83W|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite web|last1=Lin|last2=Singer|date=February 15, 2018|title=Is China's space laser for real?|url=https://www.popsci.com/china-space-laser/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Popular Science|language=en-US}}{{Cite magazine|last=Venton|first=Danielle|date=May 12, 2015|title=The Mad Plan to Clean Up Space Junk With a Laser Cannon|language=en-us|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/05/laser-cannon-space-debris/|access-date=2021-04-10|issn=1059-1028}}
Mechanism
Laser brooms are proposed to target space debris between {{convert|1|and(-)|10|cm|in|spell=in|1}} in diameter. Collisions with these high-velocity debris not only cause considerable damage to the satellites but secondary fragmented debris from the collided satellite parts. A laser broom is intended to be used at a high power to penetrate through the atmosphere and ablate material from the targeted debris.{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Jonathan|date=December 2008|title=Using Lasers in Space: Laser Orbital Debris Removal and Asteroid Deflection|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat20.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Occasional Paper of the Center for Strategy and Technology, Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama|volume=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626041950/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat20.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2019}} The ablating material imparts a small thrust that lowers its orbital perigee towards the upper atmosphere, thereby increasing drag so that its remaining orbital life is cut short.Ivan Bekey, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ESASP.393..699B Project Orion: Orbital Debris Removal Using Ground-Based Sensors and Lasers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201174409/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ESASP.393..699B/abstract |date=2021-02-01}}.", Second European Conference on Space Debris, 1997, ESA-SP 393, p. 699. The laser would operate in a pulsed fashion to avoid the target from self-shielding via its ablated plasma. The power levels of lasers in this concept are well below the power levels in concepts for more rapidly effective anti-satellite weapons.
Research into this field reveal the precise physical constraints required, noting the significant relevance to the space debris's orientation and resultant trajectory of the ablated object.{{Cite journal|last1=Scharring|first1=Stefan|last2=Wilken|first2=Jascha|last3=Eckel|first3=Hans-Albert|date=August 2016|title=Laser-based removal of irregularly shaped space debris|journal=Optical Engineering|volume=56|issue=1|pages=011007|doi=10.1117/1.OE.56.1.011007|issn=0091-3286|doi-access=free}}{{Cite web|last=Wills|first=Stewart|date=4 August 2016|title=Could High-Energy Lasers Sweep Away Space Debris?|url=https://www.osa-opn.org/home/newsroom/2016/august/could_high-energy_lasers_sweep_away_space_debris/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Optics & Photonics News}} Using a laser guide star and adaptive optics, a sufficiently large ground-based laser (1 megajoule pulsed HF laser) can offset the orbits of dozens of debris daily at a reasonable cost.{{cite journal |arxiv=1110.3835|title=Removing Orbital Debris with Lasers |author=Dr Claude Phipps|date=2011|doi=10.1016/j.asr.2012.02.003|volume=49|journal=Advances in Space Research|issue=9 |pages=1283–1300|bibcode=2012AdSpR..49.1283P|s2cid=118525979 }}{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/10/space-junk-laser/ |title=Space Junk Crisis: Time to Bring in the Lasers |magazine=Wired |author=Adam Mann |date=2011 |access-date=2016-06-22 |archive-date=2016-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621185353/http://www.wired.com/2011/10/space-junk-laser/ |url-status=live}}
History
The Space Shuttle routinely showed evidence of "tiny" impacts upon post-flight inspection.{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planetearth/space_junk_000901.html |title=Orbiting Junk Continues to Threaten International Space Station |date=5 September 2000 |first=Maia |last=Weinstock |publisher=Space.com |access-date=2008-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001121234600/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planetearth/space_junk_000901.html |archive-date=2000-11-21}}
Orion was a proposed ground-based laser broom project in the 1990s, estimated to cost $500 million.{{Cite journal|last1=Phipps|first1=C. R.|last2=Albrecht|first2=G.|last3=Friedman|first3=H.|last4=Gavel|first4=D.|last5=George|first5=E. V.|last6=Murray|first6=J.|last7=Ho|first7=C.|last8=Priedhorsky|first8=W.|last9=Michaelis|first9=M. M.|last10=Reilly|first10=J. P.|date=March 1996|title=ORION: Clearing near-Earth space debris using a 20-kW, 530-nm, Earth-based, repetitively pulsed laser|journal=Laser and Particle Beams|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–44|doi=10.1017/S0263034600009733|bibcode=1996LPB....14....1P|issn=1469-803X|doi-access=free}}{{cite web |url=http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/orions_laser_hunting_space_debris.shtml |title=Orion's Laser: Hunting Space Debris |publisher=AIAA |work=Aerospace America |author=Ivan Bekey |date=May 1997 |access-date=2011-05-08 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225311/http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/orions_laser_hunting_space_debris.shtml |url-status=live}}{{cite web | url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/space_debris.html?c=y&page=2 | title=Satellite Smashers | publisher=Air & Space Magazine | date=March 1, 2008 | access-date=August 18, 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729012108/http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/space_debris.html?c=y&page=2 | archive-date=July 29, 2012}}
A space-based laser also called "Project Orion" was planned to be installed on the International Space Station in 2003.{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=August 16, 2000|title=NASA Hopes Laser Broom Will Help Clean Up Space Debris|url=https://www.spacedaily.com/news/debris-00a.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.spacedaily.com}}{{Cite news|date=Aug 18, 2000|title='Laser broom' will sweep up space junk|language=en-US|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/laser-broom-will-sweep-up-space-junk-1.243442|access-date=2021-04-10}} In 2015, Japanese researchers proposed adding laser broom capabilities to the Extreme Universe Space Observatory telescope, to be launched to the ISS in 2017.{{Cite web|date=April 21, 2015|title=A blueprint for clearing the skies of space debris|url=https://www.riken.jp/en/news_pubs/research_news/pr/2015/20150421_2/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=RIKEN|language=en}}{{Cite journal|date=2015-07-01|title=Demonstration designs for the remediation of space debris from the International Space Station|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094576515000867|journal=Acta Astronautica|language=en|volume=112|pages=102–113|doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.03.004|issn=0094-5765|via=Elsevier Science Direct|hdl=2318/1578984|hdl-access=free|last1=Ebisuzaki|first1=Toshikazu|last2=Quinn|first2=Mark N.|last3=Wada|first3=Satoshi|last4=Piotrowski|first4=Lech Wiktor|last5=Takizawa|first5=Yoshiyuki|last6=Casolino|first6=Marco|last7=Bertaina|first7=Mario E.|last8=Gorodetzky|first8=Philippe|last9=Parizot|first9=Etienne|last10=Tajima|first10=Toshiki|last11=Soulard|first11=Rémi|last12=Mourou|first12=Gérard|bibcode=2015AcAau.112..102E}}{{Cite web|last=Ackerman|first=Evan|date=23 April 2015|title=Proposal Would Put Laser Cannon on ISS to Blast Space Junk|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/proposal-would-put-laser-cannon-on-iss-to-blast-space-junk|access-date=2021-04-10|website=IEEE Spectrum|language=en}}
In 2014, the European CLEANSPACE project published a report studying a global architecture of debris tracking and removal laser stations.{{Cite journal|last1=Esmiller|first1=Bruno|last2=Jacquelard|first2=Christophe|last3=Eckel|first3=Hans-Albert|last4=Wnuk|first4=Edwin|date=2014-11-01|title=Space debris removal by ground-based lasers: main conclusions of the European project CLEANSPACE|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-53-31-I45|journal=Applied Optics|language=EN|volume=53|issue=31|pages=I45–I54|doi=10.1364/AO.53.000I45|pmid=25402937|bibcode=2014ApOpt..53I..45E|issn=2155-3165|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite web|title=Small debris removal by laser illumination and complementary technology|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/90621-laser-technology-to-remove-orbital-debris|website=CORDIS - EU Research Results}}
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- 2000 Earth Orbital Debris - NASA Research on Satellite and Spacecraft Effects by World Spaceflight News, CD-ROM: 862 pages {{ISBN|1-893472-28-0}}
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/884256.stm BBC News report on Laser broom]
- [http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s164735.htm Space Station gets high tech broom] ABC
- [http://www.spacedaily.com/news/debris-00a.html NASA Hopes Laser Broom Will Help Clean Up Space Debris] Agence France-Presse story via SpaceDaily
- [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planetearth/space_junk_000901.html Orbiting Junk Continues to Threaten International Space Station] Space.com
- [https://www.newscientist.com/channel/space/space-shuttle/mg16722521.200 Shuttle to test space junk broom] New Scientist
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20050324100305/http://www.seds.org/spaceviews/9707/articles.html SpaceViews July 1997: Articles] [https://web.archive.org/web/20050324100305/http://www.seds.org/spaceviews/9707/articles.html#1 ORION: A Solution to the Orbital Debris Problem] by Claude Phipps
- [https://www.wired.com/2011/10/space-junk-laser/ Wired October 2011: Space Junk Crisis: Time to Bring in the Lasers] story on Wired
- [http://photonicassociates.com/documents/LODR.pdf Removing Orbital Debris with Pulsed Lasers]