liberated company

The notion of liberated or "freedom-form" (F-Form) company was further formalized by Isaac Getz in his 2009 academic article "Liberating Leadership: How the initiative-freeing radical organizational has been successfully adopted" in California Management Review, in which he describes it "as an organizational form that allows employees complete freedom and responsibility to take actions they decide are best".{{cite journal|last1=GETZ|first1=Isaac|title=Liberating Leadership: How the Initiative-Freeing Radical Organizational Form Has Been Successfully Adopted|date=2009|url=https://www.academia.edu/27745214|journal=California Management Review|volume=51|issue=4|pages=32–58|doi=10.2307/41166504 |jstor=41166504 |s2cid=154761150 |access-date=10 May 2016|language=en}} He specifies that, like architects who define human-built structures (for example a bridge) based on functions (allowing passage over an obstacle) rather than structural features, the freedom-form company is similarly defined by its function (to enable freedom and responsibility of initiative) rather than a model.{{cite book|last1=GETZ|first1=Isaac|title=Liberating Leadership: How the Initiative-Freeing Radical Organizational Form Has Been Successfully Adopted|pages=35|url=https://www.academia.edu/27745214|access-date=10 May 2016|language=en}} According to the author, to facilitate employee freedom and responsibility, corporate liberation requires transformation—guided by the company's leader—of organizational practices that prevent them. For example, corporate liberation involves a drastic reduction of internal controls, rules, and regulations. Liberating leadership is an essential part of building liberated companies.

Liberated companies are based on a business philosophy, not a model, of freedom and responsibility concepts. This is intrinsically linked to liberating leadership, a type of transformational leadership, needed to articulate this philosophy within the human context of each company to build its unique organizational form.{{cite web|last1=TEERLINK |first1=Rich|date=2009|title=On Brian M. Carney and Isaac Getz's book Freedom, Inc.: Free Your Employees and Let Them Lead Your Business to Higher Productivity|url=https://www.strategy-business.com/article/10315?pg=all|website=strategy+business|access-date=11 May 2016}}{{cite web|last1=GETZ|first1=Isaac|title=Leader of the free culture: Making an organizational ideal a reality|url=https://www.academia.edu/27744768|website=Leadership Excellence, August issue|pages=5|access-date=25 June 2021|date=2011}} In this sense, valuable and useful practices for one liberated company would not necessarily be suitable for another.{{cite web|title=Organizational Culture: The Hidden Cost of "How" – Center for Creative Leadership|url=https://www.ccl.org/articles/leading-effectively-articles/organizational-culture-the-hidden-cost-of-how/|website=www.ccl.org|access-date=11 May 2016}}

Similar to the diversity in the organizational forms adopted by these companies, there is no standard path or method to build them.{{cite web|title=Brian's interview and Freedom Inc.'s review in "Leading Effectively"|url=http://freedomincbook.com/2010/04/03/brians-interview-and-freedom-inc-s-review-in-leading-effectively/|website=Freedom, Inc. book|access-date=11 May 2016|date=3 April 2010}} Each liberating leader co-designs, together with the employees, their unique liberation path. Further on, the liberating leader maintains and evolves this organizational form that they helped build.

The influences most cited by liberating leaders who have built freedom and responsibility-based organizational forms are:

• Theorists: Douglas McGregor, Stephen Covey, Abraham Maslow, Peter Senge, Jean-Christian Fauvet and Shoji Shiba;
• Author-leaders: Robert Townsend; Max De Pree{{Cite book|title=Leadership is an art|last=Max|first=DePree|publisher=Doubleday|year=1987|location=New York|bibcode=1989liaa.book.....D}}{{Cite journal|last=Max|first=DePree|date=1993|title=The Leadership Quest: Three Things Necessary|journal=Business Strategy Review|volume=4/1|pages=69–74}} and Ricardo Semler

Deployed since 1958 in many countries, it has as pioneers companies such as W. L. Gore & Associates,{{Cite journal|last=Shipper, F., & Manz, C. C.|date=1992|title=Employee self-management without formally designated teams: An alternative road to empowerment|journal=Organizational Dynamics|volume=20|issue=3|pages=48–61|doi=10.1016/0090-2616(92)90024-H}}{{Cite book|title=The Future of Management|url=https://archive.org/details/futureofmanageme00hame|url-access=registration|last=Hamel|first=Gary|publisher=Harvard Business School Publishing|year=2007|isbn=9781422102503 }} Avis (in the 1960s), USAA, Sun Hydraulics, Quad Graphics, Richards Group,{{Cite book|title=The Peaceable Kingdom|last=Richards|first=Stan|publisher=Wiley|year=2001}} IDEO, Chaparral Steel, Harley Davidson, and Vertex Inc. in the United States, FAVI, SEW Usocome, and Bretagne Atelier in France, SOL in Finland and Radica Games in China.{{Cite book|title=Business Without Boundaries|url=https://archive.org/details/businesswithoutb00donm|url-access=registration|last=Don Mankin & Susan G. Cohen|publisher=Josey-Bass|year=2004}} These pioneers have been extremely successful both in human and economic terms for several decades and with several succeeding CEOs.{{Cite book|title=Reinventing Organizations|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782960133509|url-access=registration|last=Laloux|first=Frederic|publisher=Nelson Parker|year=2014}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/employee-engagement-french/leadership-lessons/article/1421920|title=Employee engagement: the French way|last=Gale|first=Adam|date=24 January 2017|work=Management Today}} Despite that, until the 2010s, the phenomenon of freedom- and responsibility-based companies remained marginal.{{Cite web|url=http://vision.haufe.de/blog/en/why-we-cannot-learn-a-damn-thing-from-semco-or-toyota/|title=Why we cannot learn a damn thing from Semco, or Toyota|last=Pfläging|first=Niels|date=September 2015|access-date=2017-06-18|archive-date=2017-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510022102/http://vision.haufe.de/blog/en/why-we-cannot-learn-a-damn-thing-from-semco-or-toyota/|url-status=dead}}

Since the beginning of the 2010s, a growing number of companies of all sizes and sectors, such as Decathlon, Michelin,{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/4767ebf6-33f7-11e7-bce4-9023f8c0fd2e|title=Power to the workers: Michelin's great experiment|last1=Andrew|first1=Hill|website=Financial Times|access-date=16 May 2016}} Airbus,{{cite web|url=http://zevillage.net/2017/04/le-departement-a380-dairbus-saint-nazaire-se-libere/|title=Le département A380 d'Airbus Saint-Nazaire se libère {{!}} Zevillage|last1=Pierre|first1=Nassif|date=10 April 2017|website=Zevillage : télétravail, coworking et travail à distance|language=fr-FR|access-date=10 April 2017}} Kiabi, and Poult{{Cite web|url=https://cases.insead.edu/publishing/case?code=36639|title=Biscuits Poult SAS: How Can Alternative Organizational Designs Be Successful?|last=Godart|first=Frederic|display-authors=etal|date=6 November 2017|website=INSEAD Case Publishing}} have entered corporate liberation. Organizations in the non-profit sector, such as two Belgian ministries, the Social Security and a few municipalities in France, have also joined this movement.{{cite web|last1=Isaac|first1=Getz|title=What can 'liberated companies' teach HR?|url=http://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/article-details/what-can-liberated-companies-teach-hr|website=www.hrmagazine.co.uk|date=16 December 2016 |access-date=16 December 2016}} According to the Belgian business daily L'Echo, 8% of companies have entered corporate liberation.{{cite web|last1=Laurent|first1=Fabri|title=La libération des entreprises est en marche|url=http://www.lecho.be/opinions/analyse/La-liberation-des-entreprises-est-en-marche/9852052?ckc=1&ts=1494940611|website=Echo.be|access-date=16 January 2017|language=fr-FR|date=2017-01-16}} The world region with the highest absolute number of liberated companies is France and Belgium where the phenomenon is called entreprise libérée. Their number is estimated in hundreds and they have been abundantly covered in press,{{cite web|last1=Adam|first1=Gale|title=Employee engagement: The French way|url=http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/employee-engagement-french/leadership-lessons/article/1421920#c9lP0Q6CWfWX5R6|website=Managementtoday|access-date=24 January 2017}}{{cite web|last1=Andrew|first1=Hill|title=Power to the workers: Michelin's great experiment|url=https://www.ft.com/content/4767ebf6-33f7-11e7-bce4-9023f8c0fd2e|website=Financial Times|access-date=16 May 2016}}{{cite web|last1=Isaac|first1=Getz|title=Hierarchies are unnatural – it's time for a liberating revolution|url=http://freedomincbook.com/2017/02/25/hierarchies-unnatural-time-liberating-revolution/|website=Freedom, Inc. book|access-date=22 February 2017|date=25 February 2017}} TV and radio,{{cite news|title=Vidéo: Le modèle traditionnel se fissure|url=http://www.rts.ch/play/tv/popupvideoplayer?id=8522374&startTime=2.109|access-date=5 April 2017|work=Play RTS|agency=Radio Télévision Suisse|language=fr-CH}}{{cite web|title=Envoyé spécial. Travail : tous bienveillants ?|url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/envoy%C3%A9-sp%C3%A9cial-travail-bienveillants-085931630--finance.html|website=news.yahoo.com|access-date=24 August 2016|language=fr-FR}}{{cite web|title=Capital – Temps de travail, salaires, hiérarchie : faut-il tout casser ? en replay – M6|url=https://www.replay-tv.fr/replay/m6/11527364/temps-de-travail-salaires-hierarchie-faut-il-tout-casser|website=www.replay-tv.fr|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223232336/https://www.replay-tv.fr/replay/m6/11527364/temps-de-travail-salaires-hierarchie-faut-il-tout-casser|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Le bonheur au travail – ARTE|url=http://boutique.arte.tv/f10216-bonheur_travail|website=ARTE Boutique – Films et séries en VOD, DVD, location VOD, documentaires, spectacles, Blu-ray, livres et BD|access-date=14 February 2015|language=fr-FR}} and even in a comic book.{{cite book|last1=Philippe Bercovici|first1=Benoist Simmat|title=Les Entreprises libérées – les arènes|date=19 October 2016|publisher=Les Arènes|url=http://www.arenes.fr/livre/les-entreprises-liberees/|language=fr-FR}}

A number of leaders have developed organizational philosophies highly compatible with liberated companies: Herb Kelleher in SouthWest Airlines, Ricardo Semler in Semco in Brazil, Vineet Nayar in HCL Technologies in India, [http://www.davidmarquet.com/our-story/ David Marquet] on a US nuclear submarine,{{cite book|last1=David|first1=Marquet|title=Turn the Ship Around!: A True Story of Turning Followers into Leaders|date=2012|publisher=Penguin}} [http://www.gpomag.fr/web/interviews/michel-herve-fondateur-du-groupe-herve-un-pionnier-de-la-democratie-concertative-au-sein-de-l-entreprise Michel Hervé] in Groupe Hervé in France,{{cite web|last1=Ducret|first1=Linda|title=Michel Hervé, Groupe Hervé – Un pionnier de la démocratie concertative au sein de l'entreprise|url=http://www.gpomag.fr/web/interviews/michel-herve-fondateur-du-groupe-herve-un-pionnier-de-la-democratie-concertative-au-sein-de-l-entreprise|website=GPO Mag|access-date=11 May 2016|language=fr-fr}} [http://www.happy.co.uk/author/henry-stewart/ Henry Stewart] in Happy Ltd. In United Kingdom, Jos de Blok in Buurtzorg Nederland,{{cite book|last1=Ben|first1=Kuiken|title=The last manager|date=2017|publisher=Uitgeverij Haystack|url=https://issuu.com/uitgeverijhaystack/docs/the_last_manager_-_preview|language=en}}{{cite book|last1=Frederic|first1=Laloux|title=Reinventing Organizations|date=2014|publisher=Nelson Parker}} Gabe Newell in Valve, Matt Perez in Nearsoft.{{cite book|last1=Chuck|first1=Blakeman|title=At Nearsoft, No Managers and Complete Freedom Create Responsibility, Not Anarchy|date=November 2015|publisher=Inc.}}

• The "model" misconception: Liberated company, a business philosophy based on the freedom and responsibility concepts, is often presumed to be a management model. However, liberated companies have no structural elements (model) which hold across all its past, present, or future implementations.
• The "cost-cutting" misconception: Liberated companies are sometimes portrayed as a cost-cutting approach because it relies on self-directing teams and needs less managerial and control functions. Though at the beginning of the liberation the costs may go up, liberated companies do not suffer from the hidden costs of traditional companies. Lower costs—and higher profits—are not the goals but are by-products of corporate liberation (see John Kay's notion of [https://www.johnkay.com/2011/11/04/obliquity-forthcoming-spring-2010/ obliquity]).
• The "self-exploitation" misconception: The liberated company is sometimes portrayed as a high-pressure work environment in which employees work more, not less. It is true that based on intrinsic motivation, the liberated work-environment is characterized by high worker engagement. Some leaders in liberated companies enforce a limit on maximum working hours, but not all.{{Cite news|title=Ricardo Semler: Set Them Free|last=Wieners|first=Brad|date=1 April 2004|work=CIO Insight}}
• The "Holacracy" misconception: Because liberated companies and Holacracy both criticize the traditional command-and-control model, Holacracy has been sometimes presented as a "technology" inside of liberated companies.{{Cite web|url=http://holacracyinsider.com/blog/entreprise-liberee-et-holacracy-quelle-difference|title=Entreprise libérée et Holacracy : quelle différence ?|date=October 2016}} As a consequence, some critiques of Holacracy have been directed by association at liberated companies. Unlike Holacracy, corporate liberation does not rely on any method or model; instead, each time an idiosyncratic path is used to co-invent a unique organizational form.Muriel Jasor, [https://www.lesechos.fr/12/09/2016/LesEchos/22274-346-ECH_isaac-getz---liberer-l-entreprise-ne-requiert-ni-modele-ni-methode--.htm], 12 Sept 2016
• The "Liberation Management" misconception: Because Tom Peters wrote a book with the title "Liberation Management",{{Cite book|title=Liberation Management: Necessary Disorganization for the Nanosecond Nineties|url=https://archive.org/details/liberationmanage0000pete|url-access=registration|last=Peters|first=Thomas|publisher=Knopf|year=1992|isbn=978-0-517-14471-8|location=New York|bibcode=1992lmnd.book.....P}} which is semantically close to the term "liberated company", it is sometimes thought that he coined "liberated company". In reality, Peters never used the term "liberated company" in this book, nor the terms "liberty" or "freedom" {{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tom-peters/liberation-management/|title=LIBERATION MANAGEMENT: KIRKUS REVIEW|date=12 November 1992|website=KIRKUS}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-394-55999-5|title=Liberation management: review|date=2 November 1992|website=Publishers Weekly}}{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Peter|date=1993|title=Tom Peters: Charlattan or Genius?|url=https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/business-source-complete|journal=Canadian Business Review|volume=20}}{{Cite news|title=Peters calls for revolution|last=Talton|first=Jon|date=3 January 1993|work=The Daily News}}{{Cite news|title=Mess Is The Message|date=23 December 1992|work=Investors Chronicle}}{{Cite news|title=Book Review – Benefits of going bonkers|last=Lloyd|first=Tom|date=9 February 1993|work=Management Today}}{{Cite news|title=Failure, The Secret of Success|last=May|first=Barry|date=23 November 1992|work=Reuters News}} which are central to the definition of "liberated company". Peters has agreed with the interviewer's claim "when I read Liberation Management, the two things that come out big in that book are the use of networks and the use of knowledge management".{{Cite journal|last=Bogner|first=William C.|date=February 2002|title=TOM PETERS ON THE REAL WORLD OF BUSINESS|journal=Academy of Management Executive|volume=16|issue=1|pages=42}}

Some companies, such as Avis, Harley Davidson, and Radica Games, sought to be liberated and later reverted to traditional command-and-control organizational forms. Since liberated organizational forms are maintained by company heads, if they are replaced by new ones who aren't liberating leaders, the liberated form can quickly dissolve, despite declining performance. Change of ownership can also put a limit to corporate liberation by imposing strategies incompatible with liberated companies' typical values such as trust, fairness, and respect.

• Benefit corporation
• Holacracy
• Sociocracy

{{reflist}}

• {{citation|doi=10.2307/41166504|jstor=41166504|title=Liberating Leadership: How the Initiative-Freeing Radical Organizational Form Has Been Successfully Adopted|journal=California Management Review|volume=51|issue=4|pages=32–58|year=2009|last1=Getz|first1=Isaac|s2cid=154761150 }}
• Carney, Brian M. and Getz, Isaac (2016) "Freedom Inc. How Corporate Liberation unleashes employee potential and Business Performance", Somme Valley House, 2nd Edition
• Thun, Frank (2020), "Liberated Companies: How to Create Vibrant Organizations in the Digital Age", BoD.

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143426/https://hbr.org/2018/09/give-your-team-the-freedom-to-do-the-work-they-think-matters-most Give Your Team the Freedom to Do the Work They Think Matters Most] – Harvard Business Review
• An overview of [https://liberated.company/central-concepts-2/ central concepts of a Liberated Company] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111083015/https://liberated.company/central-concepts-2/ |date=2020-01-11 }} as interpreted by the Author of the 2020 book "Liberated Companies"

Category:2000s neologisms