library theft

{{short description|Illegal removal of materials from a library}}

Theft from libraries of books, historical documents, maps and other materials from libraries is considered a significant problem.{{Where|date=September 2021}} One study commissioned in the UK estimated the average loss rate of libraries to theft at 5.3%.[https://books.google.com/books?id=sARvKM5rynkC&dq=library+theft&pg=PA175 Planning Public Library Buildings: Concepts and Issues for the Librarian - Michael Dewe - Google Books]

In the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, the third conviction for library theft is a felony, regardless of the value of material.[http://www.carnegielibrary.org/usingthelibrary/policies/librarytheft.html Pennsylvania Library Theft Act, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101070711/http://www.carnegielibrary.org/usingthelibrary/policies/librarytheft.html |date=2012-11-01 }}

Library thieves, who may be staff or regular visitors of the library, risk being discovered if a book is found in the library catalog, but is missing from the shelves. To avoid this, some thieves also steal the corresponding catalog card.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22249700 The curious tale of the stolen books], by Martin Vennard for BBC News Magazine, April 24, 2013.

History

Public libraries' main concerns are not security issues. Instead, the goal of the public library is to freely grant access to resources and information. However, granting this access, especially to a wide variety of library patrons, creates security issues that are a secondary concern of the public library. The secondary concern of library security deals with the increasingly difficult task of enabling free access to resources while also maintaining control of those resources. Enabling free and equal access to all people also includes people who are thieves.

File:Chained library, Wimborne Minster 2.jpg, United Kingdom.|alt=A bookshelf with 14 books. The page edges, not the spines, are facing the viewer. There are chains hanging from the middle of the edge of the covers.]]

The library has been subjected to theft for centuries. One of the earliest deterrents of library theft was the invention of chained libraries, where the books are attached to their bookcase by a chain, which is sufficiently long enough to allow the books to be taken from their shelves and read, but not removed from the library itself. As libraries began to accumulate more resources and more patrons, chained libraries became inefficient, and new methods were created for deterring library theft.

As of early 1960's, libraries used a combination of methods for deterring theft. Some methods included manual checkpoints, turnstiles, or electronic theft detectors like Checkpoint, Sentronic, and Tattle-Tape.SCHEFRIN, R. A. (1971). Barriers to and barriers of library security. Wilson Library Bulletin, 45, 870–878. However, those methods were not always successful, and some libraries still reported losses of $5,000 to $6,000 annually.SCHEFRIN, R. A. (1971). Barriers to and barriers of library security. Wilson Library Bulletin, 45, 870–878.

Currently, there are many new initiatives to prevent library theft. The Association of College and Research Libraries has published a guideline regarding security and theft in special collections.Admin. (2019, February 04). ACRL/RBMS guidelines regarding security and theft in Special Collections. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/security_theft The guideline includes many topics which are also adopted by general collections of the public library.Admin. (2019, February 04). ACRL/RBMS guidelines regarding security and theft in Special Collections. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/security_theft

Prevention

Theft from libraries is typically prevented by installing electronic article surveillance alarms at the doors. Library materials are tagged and if the tag is not deactivated it sounds an alarm. In some libraries with older or rare materials, readers are not allowed to take coats or bags into the reading area except for a few items in a clear plastic bag.{{cite web|title=Help for Researchers: Cloakroom and Lockers|url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/inrrooms/stp/locker/cloakroom.html|publisher=British Library|accessdate=3 April 2013}} Security cameras are used in some libraries.

In 2009, due to an increase in theft and vandalism of library materials in the United States, the American Library Association published the [http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/security_theft Guidelines Regarding Security and Theft in Special Collections]. The document addresses important issues and gives strategies for libraries developing adequate security measures for special collections. The organization suggests appointing a security officer, developing a written security policy, ongoing personnel management and training, and conducting regular inventory checks. There are also guidelines given for creating an action plan on what to do if the library has discovered a theft or any staff members witness a theft occurring.{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2009-10-05|title=ACRL/RBMS Guidelines Regarding Security and Theft in Special Collections|url=http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/security_theft|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL)|language=en}}

Trends

In public libraries, librarians have noticed common themes in what subjects are most frequently stolen. Books on topics such as sex and witchcraft are popular with thieves, as are guides for General Educational Development testing.{{cite web|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|date=15 May 2001|title=U.S. libraries checking out book theft / 'Most-stolen' list will help curb crime|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/U-S-libraries-checking-out-book-theft-2921164.php|publisher=SFGate}} In a poll taken in 1996, the top three books that went missing were: The Joy of Sex, GED Examination Books, and the Prophecies of Nostradamus.{{cite journal|last1=Mosley|first1=Shelley|last2=Caggiano|first2=Anna|last3=Charles|first3=John|date=October 15, 1996|title=The "Self-Weeding" Collection: The Ongoing Problem of Library Theft, and How To Fight Back.|journal=Library Journal|volume=121|issue=171|pages=38–40}}

The Guinness Book of Records records its own issues as the most stolen book from public libraries in the United States.{{cite news |last1=Blez |first1=Andrea |title=La genuina peculiaridad tras el libro más robado en bibliotecas |url=https://www.eldiario.es/spin/genuina-peculiaridad-libro-robado-bibliotecas-libro-guinness-de-los-records-pm_1_12123801.html |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=ElDiario.es |date=12 March 2025 |language=es}}

It is followed in the ranking by the Christian Bible in its different languages and editions.

Incidents and perpetrators

Rare books departments of libraries especially fall target to professional thieves. In 1996, two rare early Mormon manuscripts were stolen from the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, when the thief requested the manuscript and replaced it with a facsimile.{{cite web | url=http://rbms.info/theft-reports/1996/09/26/two-mormon-publications-stolen/ | title=Two Mormon Publications Stolen | publisher=Association of College & Research Libraries | date=September 26, 1996 | accessdate=18 December 2015}}

In many cases, document thieves occupy positions of trust, or have established records of legitimate accomplishment, prior to their crimes. Examples of notable convicted document thieves include:

Marino Massimo de Caro, director of the Biblioteca Girolamini in Naples, Italy{{Cite news|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|title=Rare Books Vanish, With a Librarian in the Plot|language=en-US|date=2013-11-30|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/30/books/unraveling-huge-thefts-from-girolamini-library-in-naples.html|access-date=2021-08-22|issn=0362-4331}}
John Charles Gilkey{{Cite book|last=Bartlett|first=Allison Hoover|url=|title=The man who loved books too much: the true story of a thief, a detective, and a world of literary obsession|date=2009|publisher=Riverhead Books|isbn=978-1-59448-891-7|location=New York|oclc=311778251}}
Barry Landau (born c. 1948) and his accomplice Jason Savedoff, who stole over 10,000 documents from museums and libraries along the East Coast of the United States
former New York State archivist Daniel D. LorelloAlbany Times Union, 7 August 2008{{Cite news|title=Artifact thief to serve prison time |first1=Jill |last1=Bryce |date= October 3, 2008|newspaper= The Daily Gazette|url=https://dailygazette.com/2008/10/03/1003_archivesguy/|access-date=2021-08-22 }}{{Cite news|last1=Odato |first1=James M.|date=2012-11-15|title=Felon fired from military museum store|url=https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Felon-fired-from-military-museum-store-4038594.php|access-date=2021-08-22|newspaper=Times Union|language=en-US}}
{{ill|Frede Møller-Kristensen|da}} (1933 – 2003), who between 1968 and 1978 stole some 1,600 historical books worth more than $50 million from the Danish National Library{{Cite web |date=2014-04-19 |title=Enken: »Der var gensidig respekt, for syv pokker!« |lang=da |trans-title=The widow: "There was mutual respect, for heaven's sake!" |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/kultur/enken-der-var-gensidig-respekt-for-syv-pokker |access-date=2025-06-13}}{{Cite web|date=2014-01-07|title=Det Store Bogtyveri |trans-title=The Great Book Theft |newspaper= Politiken.dk|url=http://politiken.dk/kultur/ECE75636/det-store-bogtyveri/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107131807/http://politiken.dk/kultur/ECE75636/det-store-bogtyveri/ |access-date=2021-08-22 |archive-date=2014-01-07 }}{{Cite book |last1=Korsgaard |first1=Lea |author-link1=:da:Lea Korsgaard |title=Det store bogtyveri |date=2005 |publisher=Politiken bøger |last2=Surrugue |first2=Stéphanie |author-link2=:da:Stéphanie Surrugue |isbn=87-567-7436-2 |location=København|oclc=70293805}}
antiquities dealer Forbes Smiley, who stole nearly 100 maps from libraries in the United States and Great Britain over the course of eight years{{Cite news|last=Cowan|first=Alison Leigh|date=2006-06-22|title=Dealer Pleads Guilty to Map Theft From Yale Library|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/22/nyregion/22cnd-maps.html|access-date=2021-08-22|issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news|last=Cowan|first=Alison Leigh|date=2006-06-23|title=For Dealer, Stolen Maps Point Way to Jail|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/23/nyregion/for-dealer-stolen-maps-point-way-to-jail.html|access-date=2021-08-22|issn=0362-4331}}New York Times, 22 June 2006{{Cite news|last=Cowan|first=Alison Leigh|date=2006-09-28|title=For Theft of Rare Maps, a Sentence of 42 Months|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/nyregion/28map.html|access-date=2021-08-22|issn=0362-4331}}
Greg Priore, manager of the Oliver Room at the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, who stole $8 million worth of rare materials between 1992 and 2018.{{Cite web|last=McDade|first=Heather Vaughan,Travis|title=The Inside Story of the 25-Year, $8 Million Heist From the Carnegie Library|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/theft-carnegie-library-books-maps-artworks-180975506/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}{{Cite news|last=Levenson|first=Michael|date=2020-06-20|title=2 Sentenced to House Arrest in Long-Running Scheme to Steal Rare Books|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/20/us/Carnegie-library-theft-schulman-priore.html|access-date=2021-08-22|issn=0362-4331}}

library theft

History

Prevention

Trends

Incidents and perpetrators

See also

References

Further reading