list of Swedish monarchs

{{Infobox monarchy

| royal_title = King

| realm = Sweden

| native_name = {{lang|sv|Sveriges konung}}

| coatofarms = Great coat of arms of Sweden.svg

| coatofarms_article = Greater coat of arms of Sweden

| image = Crafoord Prize D81 9141 (42282165922) (cropped).jpg

| incumbent = Carl XVI Gustaf

| incumbentsince = 15 September 1973

| his/her = His

| heir_apparent = Victoria

| date = Before {{circa}} 970

| residence = Stockholm Palace
Drottningholm Palace

| website = {{url|https://www.kungahuset.se/}}

| appointer = Elective monarchy (up to 1544)
{{nowrap|Hereditary monarchy (since 1544)}}

}}

This list records the monarchs of Sweden, from the late Viking Age to the present day. Sweden has continuously been a monarchy since the country's consolidation in the Viking Age and early Middle Ages, for over a thousand years.{{Sfn|Swedish Royal Court|}} The incumbent royal dynasty of Sweden is the House of Bernadotte, established on the throne in 1818.

History

File:August Malmström-Bråvallaslaget.JPG, a legendary battle which supposedly took place in the 8th century, fought partly between the Svear and Götar]]

There were organized political structures in Sweden before the kingdom was unified; based on archaeological evidence, early tribal societies are believed to have transitioned into organized chiefdoms in the first few centuries AD, perhaps spurred by contacts with the Roman Empire and the rest of Europe.{{Sfn|Myhre|2003|pp=69, 72}} In the period AD 500–800, Scandinavian societies began adopting cultural elements from the newly established Germanic kingdoms in Europe, transitioning further into petty kingdoms.{{Sfn|Myhre|2003|pp=81–82}}

Archaeological evidence suggests that were numerous petty kingdoms throughout modern-day Sweden. Foreign sources and later native sources describe the later medieval kingdom as being composed of two main regions: Svealand (particularly around Lake Mälaren) and Götaland. Sources from as early as the Roman author Tacitus ({{Circa}} 56–126) mention two main peoples or tribes in modern Sweden: the Svear (Swedes) and Götar (Geats); the Svear are mentioned in more foreign sources than the Götar, credited with military activities at sea.{{Sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=|pp=221–222}} The securely attested Swedish rulers in the Viking Age, predecessors of the later line of Swedish kings, ruled from the religious and political center of Old Uppsala; though its history before the Viking Age is poorly attested, it is probable that Old Uppsala had been a political and religious center since the Migration Period.{{Sfn|Myhre|2003|p=88}}

File:Gamla Upplsa museum.jpg, the center of the proto-historic Swedish petty kingdom which gave rise to the medieval Swedish kingdom]]

The earliest historically attested Swedish rulers are 9th-century petty kings from the Vita Ansgarii, an account written {{Circa}} 870 by Rimbert partly concerning Saint Ansgar's visit to Svealand.{{Sfn|Line|2007|p=46}}{{Sfn|Harrison|2011}} Some kings of Old Uppsala are also mentioned in later Icelandic texts and sagas.{{Sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=222}} The line of legendary Swedish kings from Icelandic tradition, called sagokungar in Swedish, are not generally treated as historical figures, though some may be based on actual chieftains or petty kings.{{Sfn|Harrison|2011}} Some later king-lists deliberately extended the sequence of kings for nationalistic purposes, such as Johannes Magnus's Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus (1554); supposed ancient kings mentioned in such sources are clearly fictional.{{Sfn|Harrison|2011}}

The petty kingdoms eventually gave rise to more complex political structures and what is today considered the beginning of the Swedish kingdom developed over the course of the Viking Age and the subsequent Middle Ages. For a consecutive list from then, the first Swedish king of whom anything definite is known is the 10th-century Eric the Victorious, though the information reported about him in different sources is scarce. Eric's son Olof Skötkonung was the first king to be baptized in Sweden and is credited with founding a Christian kingdom. The early and then medieval Swedish kingdom was an elective monarchy, with kings being elected from particularly prominent families;{{Sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=224}} this practice did however often result in de facto dynastic succession{{Sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=225}} and the formation of royal dynasties, such as those of Eric (intermittently {{Circa}} 1157–1250) and Bjelbo (1250–1364) as well as infighting between rival families.

From 1389 to 1523, Sweden was often united with Denmark and Norway under the kings of the Kalmar Union. Sweden's full independence was restored under Gustav I in 1523. He is often credited as the founder of modern Sweden,{{Sfn|Hogan|Hogan|2006|p=38}} and in 1544 he formally abandoned the previous elective monarchy in favor of hereditary succession.{{Sfn|Lockhart|2004|p=8}} Initially adopting the medieval "King of Swedes and Geats", Gustav I later adopted the lengthier title rex Svecorum Gothorum Vandalorumque ("king of the Swedes, Geats and Wends").{{sfn|Hildebrand|1884–1885|p=59}} The last monarch to be titled as king of the Swedes, Geats and Wends was Gustaf VI Adolf ({{Reign|1950|1973}}) since his successor, the present king Carl XVI Gustaf, upon his accession adopted the shortened title "King of Sweden".{{Sfn|Lindqvist|2021|p=17}}

In 1980, the rule of succession was changed from agnatic to absolute primogeniture, to the benefit of Princess Victoria (born 1977), the current heir apparent.

Monarchs and regents of Sweden

{{For|legendary rulers prior to Eric the Victorious, only appearing in later tales|list of legendary kings of Sweden}}

= House of Munsö (970–1060) =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"

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! width="21%" |Name

! width="24%" |Reign

! width="14%" |Succession

! width="12%" |Marriage(s)

! width="21%" |Life details

| style="background-color: #FFE5C3" |Eric (VII){{Efn|name=EricAndCharles|Swedish monarchs in the Middle Ages and before did not use regnal numbers. In the 16th century, kings Eric XIV and Charles IX assumed ahistorical and exaggerated regnal numbers based on the fictitious Swedish history Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, which invented several kings of both names. Later kings enumerated themselves after them, and the exaggerated regnal numbers have also been retroactively applied to the earlier kings named Eric and Charles.{{sfn|Persson|Oldrup|2010|pp=76–77}} The numbering used for earlier kings in this list follows the count in Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus for consistency, which for instance means counting Eric Årsäll but not "Eric and Eric".}}
"the Victorious"
Erik Segersäll

|{{Circa}} 970{{Efn|Eric's accession is traditionally dated to 970, but the date is highly uncertain. Modern scholars often maintain that he died c. 995 but omit the year of his accession.{{sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=223}}}} – c. 995
(c. 25 years)

|First king about whom anything definite is known{{Efn|Sources on Eric's parentage are contradictory. Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (c. 1075) by the German chronicler Adam of Bremen describes him as the son of Emund Eriksson and the later 13th-century Icelandic saga Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks describes him as the son of Björn Eriksson.{{sfn|Sprague|2007|p=345}}}}

|Sigrid the Haughty (?)
(2 children)

|c. 945 – c. 995
(aged approx. 50)

Attributed various wives and children in different sources{{Sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=223}}{{Sfn|Lindqvist|2006|p=Sigrid Storråda}}

80px

| style="background-color: #FFE5C3" |Olof
"Skötkonung"{{Efn|The by-name "Skötkonung" was a later invention, not attested before the 13th century. Its meaning is obscure and disputed but should probably be understood as skattkonung ("tax-king"), perhaps indicating that Olof paid tribute to another king, possibly the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard.{{sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=223}} Alternatively, it might be interpretable as "treasure king", deriving from Olof being the first Swedish king to mint coins.{{sfn|Sprague|2007|p=346}}}}

|c. 995 – c. 1022
(c. 27 years)

|Son of Eric the Victorious

|Estrid of the Obotrites
(2 children)

|c. 980 – c. 1022
(aged approx. 42)

{{Sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=223}}{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}{{Sfn|Lindqvist|2006|p=Estrid}}{{Sfn|Mueller-Vollmer|Wolf|2022|p=280}}

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| style="background-color: #FFE5C3" |Anund Jacob
Anund Jakob

|c. 1022 – 1050
(c. 28 years)

|Son of Olof

|Gunnhildr Sveinsdóttir
(childless?)

|c. 1008 – 1050
(aged approx. 42)

{{Sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=224}}{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}{{Sfn|Mueller-Vollmer|Wolf|2022|p=133}}{{Sfn|Holman|2009|p=262}}

| style="background-color: #FFE5C3" |Emund
"the Old"
Emund den gamle

|c. 1050 – 1060
(10 years)

|Illegitimate son of Olof

|Astrid Njalsdotter (?)
(2 children)

|Died 1060

Last king of the House of Munsö{{Sfn|Lindkvist|2003|p=224}}{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}

= House of Stenkil (1060–1125/1130) =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"

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! width="21%" |Name

! width="24%" |Reign

! width="14%" |Succession

! width="12%" |Marriage(s)

! width="21%" |Life details

| style="background-color: #cfffde" |Stenkil
Stenkil Ragnvaldsson

|c. 1060 – 1066
(c. 6 years)

|Possibly son-in-law of Emund{{Efn|Stenkil is traditionally held to have married "Ingamoder", a daughter of Emund the Old, but sources are too scanty to confidently establish whether this took place. He was also connected to the Munsö dynasty through his father Ragnvald Ulfsson being the nephew of Sigrid the Haughty, mother of Olof Skötkonung.{{sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}}}

| style="background-color: #FFE5C3" |"Ingamoder" (?)
(at least 2 children)

|Died c. 1066

style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Eric and Eric{{Efn|name=EricAndCharles

}
Erik och Erik
(historicity disputed)

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |c. 1066 (?)
(briefly)

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Recorded in only one source{{Efn|name=er|Eric and Eric are recorded only by Adam of Bremen and are not included in any of the known medieval king lists on Swedish rulers, neither native Swedish lists nor Icelandic sources.{{sfn|Sävborg|2015|p=207}} Liljegren (2004) highlights their dubious history by describing them as "the most anonymous royal figures in Sweden's history" and further states that the period immediately after Stenkil appears to have lacked any real king, with "magnates [standing against] magnates".{{sfn|Liljegren|2004|p=17}}}} as two pretenders who fought each other after Stenkil's death.

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Nothing recorded

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Nothing known{{Efn|Older tradition describes one of the Erics as a son of Stenkil ("Eric Stenkilsson") and the other as the pagan son of a daughter of Eric the Victorious ("Eric the Heathen"), though these assumptions cannot be substantiated by the historical record.{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953a}}}}

| style="background-color: #cfffde" |Halsten
Halsten Stenkilsson

|c. 1066 – 1068{{Sfn|Nyberg|2018|loc=Chapter 6}}
(c. 2 years)

|Son of Stenkil

|Unknown queen
(at least 2 children)

|Few life details known. Deposed c. 1068. Possibly later returned to rule as co-ruler with his (likely younger) brother Inge I.[https://runeberg.org/nfbl/0346.html The article Inge in Nordisk familjebok (1910).]{{Sfn|Nyberg|2018|loc=Chapter 6}}

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Anund "from Russia"
Anund Gårdske
(historicity disputed)

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |c. 1068 – 1076{{Sfn|Nyberg|2018|loc=Chapter 6}} (?)
(c. 8 years)

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Recorded in only one source{{Efn|Anund Gårdske is recorded only by Adam of Bremen and is not included in any of the known medieval king lists on Swedish rulers, neither native Swedish lists nor Icelandic sources.{{sfn|Sävborg|2015|p=207}}}} as elected king after Halsten's deposition

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Nothing recorded

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Few life details known; said to have come from Kievan Rus'. Deposed c. 1076.The article Anund in Nationalencyklopedin.{{Sfn|Nyberg|2018|loc=Chapter 6}}

|80px

| style="background-color: #FFE5C3" |Håkan
"the Red"
Håkan Röde

|1070s (?)

|Possibly great-grandson of Eric the Victorious{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953e}}

|Nothing recorded

|Few life details known. Different sources place Håkan either as the predecessor of Stenkil or Inge.{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953e}}{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953d}}

|80px

| style="background-color: #cfffde" |Inge
"the Elder"
Inge den äldre

|c. 1078 – 1112
(c. 34 years)

|Son of Stenkil. Seized power, either from Anund or Håkan.

|Helena
(4 children)

|Died c. 1112

Ended the period of anarchy begun after Stenkil's death. Maybe deposed c. 1081–1083 before regaining the throne.{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Sweyn ("Blot-Sweyn")
Blot-Sven
(historicity disputed)

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |c. 1081 – 1083
(c. 2 years)

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Possibly son-in-law of Stenkil. Said to have usurped the throne.

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Nothing recorded

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Few life details known. Historicity disputed on account of poor source material.{{Sfn|Sävborg|2017|pp=79, 91}} Either deposed or succeeded by his son.{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}{{Sfn|Sävborg|2017|pp=79, 91}}{{Sfn|Adolfsson|2010}}

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Eric (VIII){{Efn|name=EricAndCharles}}
"Årsäll"
Erik Årsäll
(historicity disputed)

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |c. 1083 (?)
(briefly)

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Possibly son of Sweyn, who some sources record him as succeeding

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Nothing recorded

| style="background-color: #e6e6e6" |Few life details known. Historicity disputed on account of poor and contradictory sources.{{Sfn|Sävborg|2017|pp=61, 62}} Deposed by Inge if historical.{{Sfn|Adolfsson|2010}}{{Sfn|Sävborg|2017|pp=61, 62}}

| style="background-color: #cfffde" |Philip
Filip Halstensson

|c. 1100 – 1118{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953b}}
(c. 18 years)

|Son of Halsten. Appears to have begun his reign as a co-ruler with Inge the Elder.

|Ingegerd of Norway
(childless)

|Died 1118

| style="background-color: #cfffde" |Inge
"the Younger"
Inge (den yngre) Halstensson

|c. 1118{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953b}} – 1125{{sfn|Liljegren|2004|p=27}}/1130{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}
(c. 7–12 years)

|Son of Halsten. Possibly initially co-ruler with Philip.

|Ulvhild Håkansdotter
(childless)

|Died c. 1130{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}

Likely the last male-line member of Stenkil's dynasty.{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953c}}

|Ragnvald
"Knaphövde"

|1120s/1130s (?){{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953d}}
(briefly?)

|No known connection to previous kings. Recorded in Västgötalagen as the successor of Inge II and predecessor of Sverker I.

|Nothing recorded

|Few life details known{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953d}}{{sfn|Liljegren|2004|p=28}}

= Houses of Sverker and Eric (1125/1130–1250) =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"

! width="5%" |Portrait

! width="21%" |Name

! width="24%" |Reign

! width="14%" |Succession

! width="12%" |Marriage(s)

! width="21%" |Life details

| style="background-color: #DBCFC9" |Magnus I
"the Strong"
Magnus (den starke) Nilsson
(status disputed)

|c. 1125 – 1130{{sfn|Liljegren|2004|p=27}} or c. 1130 – 1134{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}
(c. 4–5 years)

|Grandson of Inge the Elder.Saxo Grammaticus, Danmarks kronike, II, p. 55-6. Attested only as a pretender in the Gesta Danorum; perhaps never recognized as king.{{Sfn|Sävborg|2015|p=219}}

|Richeza of Poland
(2 children)

|Died in 1134{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}

Elected king but failed to establish his power; killed in 1134{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}} at the Battle of Fotevik.

File:Sweartgar I of Sweden relief 2009 Heda Ödeshög (crop).jpg

| style="background-color: #e3e4ff" |Sverker I
"the Elder"
Sverker den äldre

|c. 1130{{sfn|Liljegren|2004|p=29}} – 25 December 1156{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}
(c. 26 years)

|Either no previous royal connection{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953i}} or grandson of Sweyn.{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}} Elected in opposition to Magnus I.{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953i}}

|Ulvhild Håkansdotter
(at least 4 children)
Richeza of Poland
(1 child?)

|Died 25 December 1156

Assassinated, allegedly by the pretender Magnus II.{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953i}}

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| style="background-color: #fcdfdc" |Eric (IX){{Efn|name=EricAndCharles}}
"the Holy"
Erik (den helige) Jedvardsson

|c. 1157{{sfn|Liljegren|2004|p=31}} – 18 May 1160{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}
(c. 3 years)

|Cousin of Sverker I

| style="background-color: #DBCFC9" |Christina of Denmark
(4 children)

|c. 1120 – 18 May 1160{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}
(aged approx. 40)

Attempted to christianize Finland. Murdered by the pretender Magnus II and later canonized, becoming Sweden's patron saint.{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}

| style="background-color: #DBCFC9" |Magnus II
Magnus Henriksson

|18 May 1160 – 1161
(1 year)

|Great-grandson of Inge I. Seized power after murdering Eric IX.

|Bridget Haraldsdotter
(childless)

|Died in 1161

Killed in battle against Charles VII.{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953j}}

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| style="background-color: #e3e4ff" |Charles (VII){{Efn|name=EricAndCharles}}
Karl Sverkersson

|c. 1157 – 12 April 1167{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}
(c. 10 years; ruled all of Sweden from 1161 onwards)

|Son of Sverker I. Initially ruled in Västergötland in opposition to Eric IX; later overthrew Magnus II.

|Christina Hvide
(at least 1 child)

|1130 – 12 April 1167
(aged 37)

Murdered by Canute I, who succeeded him as king.{{Sfn|Williamson|1988|p=122}}{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953k}}

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| style="background-color: #fcdfdc" |Canute I
Knut Eriksson

|12 April 1167 – 1196
(29 years)

|Son of Eric IX. Seized power after murdering Charles VII.

|Cecilia Johansdotter
(name disputed)
(5 children)

|Before 1150 – 1196
(older than 46)

| style="background-color: #e3e4ff" |Kol
(status disputed)

|1170s
(several years)

| rowspan="2"|Sons (?) of Sverker I. Ruled together in Östergötland, in opposition to Canute I.

|Nothing recorded

|Few life details known{{Sfn|Harrison|2014|loc=Kol och Burislev}}

| style="background-color: #e3e4ff" |Boleslaw
Burislev
(status disputed)

|1170s
(several years)

|Nothing recorded

|Few life details known{{Sfn|Harrison|2014|loc=Kol och Burislev}}

rowspan=2|80px

|rowspan=2 style="background-color: #e3e4ff" |Sverker II
"the Younger"
Sverker (den yngre) Karlsson

|rowspan=2|1196 – 1208
(12 years)

|rowspan=2|Son of Charles VII

|Benedicta Hvide
(at least 1 child)

|rowspan=2|c. 1164 – 17 July 1210
(aged c. 46)

Deposed after the Battle of Lena. Killed at the Battle of Gestilren while trying to retake the throne.{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}{{sfn|Liljegren|2004|p=37}}{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953m}}

style="background-color: #e5edad" |Ingegerd Birgersdotter
(at least 1 child)

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| style="background-color: #fcdfdc" |Eric (X){{Efn|name=EricAndCharles}}
"the Survivor"
Erik Knutsson

|1208 – 10 April 1216
(8 years)

|Son of Canute I. Seized power after defeating Sverker II in battle.

| style="background-color: #DBCFC9" |Rikissa of Denmark
(5 children)

|1180 – 10 April 1216
(aged c. 36)

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| style="background-color: #e3e4ff" |John I
Johan Sverkersson

|10 April 1216 – 10 March 1222
({{Age in years, months and days|1216|4|10|1222|3|10}})

|Son of Sverker II

|Unmarried and childless

|1201 – 10 March 1222
(aged c. 21)

Died of illness as the last male-line member of Sverker's dynasty.{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953f}}

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| style="background-color: #fcdfdc" |Eric (XI){{Efn|name=EricAndCharles}}
"the Lisp and Lame"
Erik Eriksson

|March 1222 – 1229
(7 years)
(first reign)

|Son of Eric X

| style="background-color: #e5edad" |Catherine Sunesdotter
(childless)

|1216 – 2 February 1250
(aged c. 34)

Largely overshadowed by prominent statesmen. Deposed and in exile 1229–1234.{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953h}}

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| style="background-color: #fcdfdc" |Canute II
"the Tall"
Knut Holmgersson

|1229 – 1234
(5 years)

|Relative of the House of Eric. Elected king after the deposition of Eric XI.

|Unknown queen
(at least 2 children)

|Died 1234

80px

| style="background-color: #fcdfdc" |Eric (XI){{Efn|name=EricAndCharles}}
"the Lisp and Lame"
Erik Eriksson

|1234 – 2 February 1250
(16 years)
(second reign)

|Returned and regained power after Canute II's death{{Sfn|Venning|2023|loc=Sovereigns of Sweden}}{{sfn|Sture Bolin|1953g}}

| style="background-color: #e5edad" |Catherine Sunesdotter
(childless)

|(see entry for previous reign)

= House of Bjelbo (1250–1364) =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"

! width="5%" |Portrait

! width="14%" |Name

! width="5%" |Arms

! width="24%" |Reign

! width="14%" |Succession

! width="12%" |Marriage(s)

! width="21%" |Life details

list of Swedish monarchs

History

Monarchs and regents of Sweden

= House of Munsö (970–1060) =

= House of Stenkil (1060–1125/1130) =

= Houses of Sverker and Eric (1125/1130–1250) =

= House of Bjelbo (1250–1364) =

= House of Mecklenburg (1364–1389) =

= Monarchs and regents during the Kalmar Union (1389–1523)=

= House of Vasa (1523–1654) =

= House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (1654–1720) =

= House of Hesse (1720–1751) =

= House of Holstein-Gottorp (1751–1818) =

= House of Bernadotte (1818–present) =

See also

Notes

References

= Sources =