long nineteenth century

The concept is an adaption of Fernand Braudel's 1949 notion of le long seizième siècle ("the long 16th century" 1450–1640){{Cite book |last=Braudel |first=F. |title=The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1972 |volume=1 |location=New York |translator-last=S. Reynolds}} and "a recognized category of literary history", although a period often broadly and diversely defined by different scholars.{{Cite web |title=Long 19th Century |url=https://www.slu.edu/Documents/arts_sciences/english/Long%2019th%20Century.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819155425/https://www.slu.edu/Documents/arts_sciences/english/Long%2019th%20Century.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=11 January 2017 |publisher=slu.edu}} Numerous authors, before and after Hobsbawm's 1995 publication, have applied similar forms of book titles or descriptions to indicate a selective time frame for their works, such as: S. Kettering's French Society: 1589–1715 – the long seventeenth century, E. Anthony Wrigley's British population during the 'long' eighteenth century, 1680–1840, or D. Blackbourn's The long nineteenth century: A history of Germany, 1780–1918.{{Cite web |title=French Society: 1589–1715 |url=https://treasedademin.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/26032413.pdf |access-date=11 January 2017 |publisher=treasedademin}}{{dead link|date=March 2025}}{{Cite web |title=Department of Geography, Cambridge » Tony Wrigley – British population during the 'long' eighteenth century, 1680–1840 |url=http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/people/wrigley/ |access-date=11 January 2017 |publisher=Geog.cam.ac.uk}}{{Cite web |date=11 September 1998 |title=H-Net Reviews – David Blackbourn. The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany: 1780–1918. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. xxiv + 578 pp. (paper), ISBN 978-0-19-507672-1. |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=2349 |access-date=11 January 2017 |publisher=H-net.org}} However, the term has been used in support of historical publications to "connect with broader audiences"{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Edmund |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2k62f464#page-1 |title=Modernity's Histories: Rethinking the Long Nineteenth Century, 1750–1950 (eScholarship) |date=25 May 2000 |publisher=Escholarship.org |access-date=11 January 2017}} and is regularly cited in studies and discussions across academic disciplines, such as history, linguistics and the arts.{{Cite web |title=Long Nineteenth-Century Colloquium: Department of English – Northwestern University |url=http://www.english.northwestern.edu/about/events/reading-groups-colloquia/long-19thc-colloquium.html |access-date=11 January 2017 |publisher=English.northwestern.edu}}{{Cite web |title=Bard Graduate Center – Symposium—American Material and Visual Culture of the "Long" Nineteenth Century |url=http://www.bgc.bard.edu/news/events/long-19th-century.html |access-date=11 January 2017 |publisher=Bgc.bard.edu}}{{dead link|date=March 2025}}{{Cite book |title=Arts of the Prima Donna in the Long Nineteenth Century – Oxford Scholarship |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/3401 |publisher=Oxfordscholarship.com |year=2012 |isbn=9780199932054 |editor-last=Cowgill |editor-first=Rachel |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365870.001.0001 |access-date=11 January 2017 |editor-last2=Poriss |editor-first2=Hilary}}{{Cite book |url=http://www.brill.com/folklore-and-nationalism-europe-during-long-nineteenth-century |title=Folklore and Nationalism in Europe During the Long Nineteenth Century |date=25 July 2012 |publisher=Brill.com |isbn=9789004211834 |access-date=11 January 2017}}{{dead link|date=March 2025}}

Hobsbawm lays out his analysis in The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848 (1962), The Age of Capital: 1848–1875 (1975), and The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 (1987). Hobsbawm starts his long 19th century with the French Revolution, which sought to establish universal and egalitarian citizenship in France, and ends it with the outbreak of World War I, upon the conclusion of which in 1918 the long-enduring European power balance of the 19th century proper (1801–1900) was eliminated.

In a sequel to the above-mentioned trilogy, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (1994), Hobsbawm details the short 20th century (a concept originally proposed by Iván T. Berend), beginning with World War I and ending with the fall of the Soviet Union, between 1914–1991.{{sfn|Hobsbawm|1995|p=3}}

A more generalized version of the long 19th century, lasting from 1750 to 1914, is often used by Peter N. Stearns in the context of the world history school.{{Cite book |last=Stearns |first=Peter N. |title=World Civilizations: The Global Experience |last2=Michael Adas |last3=Stuart B. Schwartz |last4=Marc Jason Gilbert |publisher=Longman |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-13-136020-4 |edition=6th |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |author-link=Peter Stearns |author-link2=Michael Adas |author-link3=Stuart B. Schwartz}}

In religious contexts, specifically those concerning the history of the Catholic Church, the long 19th century was a period of centralization of papal power over the Catholic Church. This centralization was in opposition to the increasingly centralized nation states and contemporary revolutionary movements and used many of the same organizational and communication techniques as its rivals. The church's long 19th century extended from the French Revolution (1789) until the death of Pope Pius XII (1958).{{Cite book |last=O'Malley |first=John W. |url=https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva00omal/page/ |title=What Happened at Vatican II |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-674-03169-2 |edition=Kindle |location=Cambridge |publication-date=2010 |at=[https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva00omal/page/ locations 1060-1873] |chapter=The Long Nineteenth Century |author-link=John W. O'Malley |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva00omal |chapter-url-access=registration}} This covers the period between the decline of traditional Catholic power and the emergence of secular ideas within states, and the emergence of new thinking within the church after the election of Pope John XXIII.

{{Portal|History}}

• Belle Époque
• Belgium in the long 19th century
• France in the long 19th century
• Long eighteenth century
• Long War (20th century), proposed by Philip Bobbitt
• Women Philosophers in the Long Nineteenth Century

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• {{cite book |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric |title=The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 |title-link=The Age of Extremes |publisher=Abacus |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-349-10671-7 |location=London |author-link=Eric Hobsbawm |orig-year=1994}}

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{{Historiography}}

Long 19th century

Category:Historical eras

Category:Historiography

Category:1789

Category:1790s

Category:1910s

Category:Periodization