longline fishing

{{See also|Bycatch}}

Image:Seabirds longlinersm.jpgs with longline fishing vessel|alt=Photo of thousands of birds feeding at water surface next to fishing boat]]

Image:Albatross hook.jpg

Longline fishing is controversial because of bycatch, fish caught while seeking another species or immature juveniles of the target species. This can cause many issues, such as the killing of many other marine animals while seeking certain commercial fish. Seabirds can be particularly vulnerable during the setting of the line.

Methods to mitigate incidental mortality have succeeded in some fisheries. Mitigation techniques include the use of weights to ensure the lines sink quickly, the deployment of streamer lines to scare away birds, lasers,{{cite book

| last = Sacchi

| first = J

| title = Overview of mitigation measures to reduce the incidental catch of vulnerable species in fisheries

| publisher = Food & Agriculture Org.

| year = 2021

| isbn = 9251345392

}}

setting lines only at night in low light (to avoid attracting birds), limiting fishing seasons to the southern winter (when most seabirds are not feeding young), and not discharging offal while setting lines.

The Hawaii-based longline fishery for swordfish was closed in 2000 over concerns of excessive sea turtle by-catch, particularly loggerhead sea turtles and leatherback turtles. Changes to the management rules allowed the fishery to reopen in 2004. Gear modification, particularly a change to large circle-hooks and mackerel-type baits, eliminated much of the sea turtle by-catch associated with the fishing technique. It has been claimed that one consequence of the closure was that 70 Hawaii-based vessels were replaced by 1,500–1,700 longline vessels from various Asian nations, but this is not based on any reliable data {{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}. Due to poor and often non-existent catch documentation by these vessels, the number of sea turtles and albatross caught by these vessels between 2000 and 2004 will never be known {{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}. Hawaii longline fishing for swordfish closed again on 17 March 2006, when the by-catch limit of 17 loggerhead turtles was reached. In 2010 the by-catch limit for loggerhead turtles was raised, but was restored to the former limit as a result of litigation. The Hawaii-based longline fisheries for tuna and swordfish are managed under sets of slightly different rules. The tuna fishery is one of the best managed fisheries in the world, according to the UN Code of Responsible Fishing{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}, but has been criticized by others{{Who?|date=October 2022}}, as being responsible for continuing by-catch of false killer whales, seabirds, and other nontargeted wildlife, as well as placing pressure on depleted bigeye tuna stocks.

Commercial longline fishing is also one of the main threats to albatrosses, posing a particularly serious threat to their survival.{{Cite journal |last1=Petrossian |first1=Gohar A. |last2=Pires |first2=Stephen F. |last3=Sosnowski |first3=Monique |last4=Venu |first4=Prabha |last5=Olah |first5=George |date=2022 |title=Threats of Longline Fishing to Global Albatross Diversity |journal=Animals |language=en |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=887 |doi=10.3390/ani12070887 |pmid=35405876 |pmc=8997039 |issn=2076-2615|doi-access=free }} Of the 22 albatross species recognized by the IUCN Red List, 15 are threatened with extinction.{{Cite web |title=BirdLife Data Zone |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/results?cmn=albatross&cty=0&fam=0&gen=0&kw=®=0&spc=&thrlev1=&thrlev2=&so=rl |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}} The IUCN lists two species as Critically Endangered (Tristan albatross and waved albatross), seven species as Endangered, and six as Vulnerable. Albatrosses and other seabirds which readily feed on offal are attracted to the set bait, become hooked on the lines and drown. An estimated 8,000 albatross per year are killed in this way.Brothers NP. 1991. "Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean." Biological Conservation 55: 255–268. These activities, however, are not randomly spread across the vast oceans, but rather are highly spatially concentrated. Therefore, the bird conservation lobby should work closely with regional fisheries management organizations to devise and implement targeted interventions aimed at reducing potential illegal longline fishing, which, in turn, will likely have positive effects on albatrosses. A simple device which can be fitted onto longlines, known as [https://www.hookpod.com/ Hookpod], has been proposed for mitigation of seabird bycatch; Hookpod was rolled out to a total of 15 commercial fishing vessels in New Zealand after a change in regulations in January 2020, with a result of zero seabird bycatch in the first 6 months.

Oceanic microplastics pollution is largely caused by plastic-made fishing gear like longline fishing equipment or drift nets, that are worn down by use, lost or thrown away.{{Cite web |last=Laville |first=Sandra |date=2019-11-06 |title=Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/06/dumped-fishing-gear-is-biggest-plastic-polluter-in-ocean-finds-report |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Kindy |first2=David |title=With Ropes and Nets, Fishing Fleets Contribute Significantly to Microplastic Pollution |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/fishing-fleets-contribute-significantly-to-microplastic-pollution-study-says-180978760/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}

In the US, a study found that the risk for non-fatal injuries was 35 per 1,000 full-time equivalent employees, about three times higher than average U.S. worker.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2015-238/|title=Fleet Safety Fact Sheet: Freezer Longliners (2015-238)|date=September 10, 2015|website=CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2015238|access-date=2016-07-15|doi-access=free}} (This is compared to 43 per 1,000 in the trawler fleet).{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2015-237/default.html|title=Fleet Safety Fact Sheet: Amendment 80 Factory Trawlers|date=August 10, 2015|website=CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products|doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2015237|access-date=2016-09-23|doi-access=free}}

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{{Clear}}

• Trotline

{{Reflist|2}}

• {{NIOSH|article=Fleet Safety Fact Sheet: Freezer Longliners|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2015-238/}}
• Brothers, N P; Cooper, J and Lokkeborg S (1999) The Incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries. Rome, FAO Fisheries Circular No 937.
• Eigaard B, Thomsen H, Hovgaard H, Nielsen A and Rijnsdorpd AD (2011) [http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f2011-103?journalCode=cjfas "Fishing power increases from technological development in the Faroe Islands longline fishery"] Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 69 (11): 1970–1982. {{doi|10.1139/f2011-103}}
• FAO (2009) ''Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Number 1: Fishing operations, supplement 2 [http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1145e/i1145e00.pdf Best practices to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries] Rome. {{ISBN|978-92-5-106423-8}}.
• {{Cite book

| first= Otto

| last= Gabriel

|author2=Andres von Brandt

| year= 2005

| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ziAI8AZsmUoC&q=%22Fish+catching+methods+of+the+world%22

| publisher= Blackwell

| title =Fish catching methods of the world

| isbn= 978-0852382806}}

• George JP (1993) [https://books.google.com/books?id=02rxdKs6ntoC Longline fishing] Volume 22 of FAO Training Series, FAO, Rome. {{ISBN|9789251030783}}.
• Jhonson, Duglas H; Shaffaz, Terry Lickmadik and Gould, Penistrick J (1990) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100529211656/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/icatch/index.htm Incidental Catch of Marine Birds in the North Pacific High Seas Driftnet Fisheries] U.S. Geological Survey.
• Valdemarsen, John W [https://web.archive.org/web/20070718075239/http://www.oceansatlas.org/world_fisheries_and_aquaculture/html/issues/ecosys/selectgear/incidental_catch.htm Incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries] UN Atlas of the Oceans: Fishery Technology Service.
• [http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/232/en Set longlines] FAO Fishing Gear Types, Rome. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
• [http://www.fao.org/fishery/fishtech/1010/en Industrial Tuna Longlining] FAO Fishing Techniques, Rome. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
• Pham, Christopher K; Diogo, Hugo; Menezes, Gui; et al. [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep04837 Deep-water longline fishing has reduced impact on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems] Scientific Reports, via Nature Magazine online. Retrieved 30 December 2015.

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130916175717/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_Longlining%26PurseSeiningFactCards.pdf Longlining] Seafood Watch, Fishing Methods Fact Card. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014120541/http://seafood.co.nz/n286,55.html Long lining] New Zealand Seafood Industry Council.

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Category:Fishing industry

Category:Fishing techniques and methods