loop-mediated isothermal amplification

File:Loop-mediated isothermal amplification primers Cells-10-01931-g001.jpg

File:Loop-mediated isothermal amplification product Cells-10-01931-g002.jpg

In LAMP, the target sequence is amplified at a constant temperature of {{convert|60|–|65|C|F}} using either two or three sets of primers and a polymerase like Bst Klenow fragment with high strand displacement activity in addition to a replication activity. Typically, four different primers are used to amplify six distinct regions on the target gene, which increases specificity. An additional pair of "loop primers" can further accelerate the reaction.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nagamine K, Hase T, Notomi T |year=2002 |title=Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers |journal=Mol. Cell. Probes |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=223–9 |doi=10.1006/mcpr.2002.0415 |pmid=12144774}} The amount of DNA produced in LAMP is considerably higher than PCR-based amplification. Primer design could be performed using several programs, such as [https://primerexplorer.jp/e/ PrimerExplorer], [http://morphocatcher.ru/ MorphoCatcher],{{Cite journal |last=Shirshikov |first=Fedor V. |last2=Pekov |first2=Yuri A. |last3=Miroshnikov |first3=Konstantin A. |date=2019-04-26 |title=MorphoCatcher: a multiple-alignment based web tool for target selection and designing taxon-specific primers in the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=7 |pages=e6801 |doi=10.7717/peerj.6801 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=6487805 |pmid=31086739 |doi-access=free}} and [https://lamp.neb.com/ NEB LAMP Primer Design Tool]. For the screening of conservative and species-specific nucleotide polymorphisms, in most diagnostics applications a combination of PrimerExplorer and MorphoCatcher is very useful, because it allows for the localization of species-specific nucleotides at 3'-ends of primers to enhance the specificity of reactions.

File:LAMP analysis of wastewater (Anal. Chem. 2017).png

The amplification product can be detected via photometry, measuring the turbidity caused by magnesium pyrophosphate precipitate in solution as a byproduct of amplification.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mori Y, Nagamine K, Tomita N, Notomi T |year=2001 |title=Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=289 |issue=1 |pages=150–4 |doi=10.1006/bbrc.2001.5921 |pmid=11708792}} This allows easy visualization by the naked eye or via simple photometric detection approaches for small volumes. The reaction can be followed in real-time either by measuring the turbidity{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mori Y, Kitao M, Tomita N, Notomi T |year=2004 |title=Real-time turbidimetry of LAMP reaction for quantifying template DNA |journal=J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=145–57 |doi=10.1016/j.jbbm.2003.12.005 |pmid=15163526}} or by fluorescence using intercalating dyes such as SYTO 9.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Njiru ZK, Mikosza AS, Armstrong T, Enyaru JC, Ndung'u JM, Thompson AR |year=2008 |title=Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for rapid detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense |journal=PLOS Negl Trop Dis |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=e147 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000147 |pmc=2238707 |pmid=18253475 |doi-access=free}}

Dyes, such as SYBR green, can be used to create a visible color change that can be seen with the naked eye without the need for expensive equipment, or for a response that can more accurately be measured by instrumentation. Dye molecules intercalate or directly label the DNA, and in turn can be correlated with the number of copies initially present. Hence, LAMP can also be quantitative. In-tube detection of LAMP DNA amplification is possible using manganese loaded calcein which starts fluorescing upon complexation of manganese by pyrophosphate during in vitro DNA synthesis.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tomita N, Mori Y, Kanda H, Notomi T |year=2008 |title=Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of gene sequences and simple visual detection of products |journal=Nat Protoc |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=877–82 |doi=10.1038/nprot.2008.57 |pmid=18451795 |s2cid=19416838}} Another method for visual detection of the LAMP amplicons by the unaided eye was based on their ability to hybridize with complementary gold nanoparticle-bound (AuNP) single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and thus prevent the normal red to purple-blue color change that would otherwise occur during salt-induced aggregation of the gold particles. So, a LAMP method combined with amplicon detection by AuNP can have advantages over other methods in terms of reduced assay time, amplicon confirmation by hybridization and use of simpler equipment (i.e., no need for a thermocycler, electrophoresis equipment or a UV trans-illuminator).{{Cite journal |last=Arunrut |first=Narong |last2=Jitrakorn |first2=Sarocha |last3=Saksmerprome |first3=Vanvimon |last4=Kiatpathomchai |first4=Wansika |date=August 2019 |title=Double-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (D-LAMP) using colourimetric gold nanoparticle probe for rapid detection of infectious Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV) with reduced false-positive results from endogenous viral elements |journal=Aquaculture |volume=510 |pages=131–137 |bibcode=2019Aquac.510..131A |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.049 |s2cid=229449403}}{{Cite journal |last=Arunrut |first=Narong |last2=Tondee |first2=Benyatip |last3=Khumwan |first3=Pakapreud |last4=Kampeera |first4=Jantana |last5=Kiatpathomchai |first5=Wansika |date=February 2021 |title=Rapid and sensitive colorimetric detection of microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) based on spore wall protein (SWP) gene using loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with DNA functionalized gold nanoparticles as probes |journal=Aquaculture |volume=533 |pages=736206 |bibcode=2021Aquac.53336206A |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736206 |s2cid=229449403}}

File:Rtlamp color.png detections]]

pH-dependent dye indicators such as Phenol Red induce a color change from pink to yellow when the pH value of the reaction decreases upon DNA amplification.{{Cite journal |last=Kellner |first=Max J. |last2=Ross |first2=James J. |last3=Schnabl |first3=Jakob |last4=Dekens |first4=Marcus P. S. |last5=Matl |first5=Martin |last6=Heinen |first6=Robert |last7=Grishkovskaya |first7=Irina |last8=Bauer |first8=Benedikt |last9=Stadlmann |first9=Johannes |last10=Menéndez-Arias |first10=Luis |last11=Straw |first11=Andrew D. |last12=Fritsche-Polanz |first12=Robert |last13=Traugott |first13=Marianna |last14=Seitz |first14=Tamara |last15=Zoufaly |first15=Alexander |display-authors=5 |date=2022 |title=A Rapid, Highly Sensitive and Open-Access SARS-CoV-2 Detection Assay for Laboratory and Home Testing |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences |volume=9 |pages=801309 |doi=10.3389/fmolb.2022.801309 |issn=2296-889X |pmc=9011764 |pmid=35433827 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |last16=Födinger |first16=Manuela |last17=Wenisch |first17=Christoph |last18=Zuber |first18=Johannes |last19=Pauli |first19=Andrea |last20=Brennecke |first20=Julius |hdl=10261/269628}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}} Due to its pronounced color change, this is the most commonly used readout for RT-LAMP assays. However, the pH-change dependent readout requires a weakly buffered reaction solution, which poses a great challenge when using crude sample inputs with variable pH. A second colorimetric assay utilizes metal ion indicators such as hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB), which changes color from purple to blue upon a drop in free Mg²⁺ ions, which form a Mg-pyrophosphate precipitate upon DNA amplification.

LAMP is a relatively new DNA amplification technique, which due to its simplicity, ruggedness, and low cost could provide major advantages.

LAMP has the potential to be used as a simple screening assay in the field or at the point of care by clinicians.{{Cite book |title=Environmental microbiology : current technology and water application |vauthors=Sen K, Ashbolt NJ |date=2011 |publisher=Caister Academic Press |isbn=978-1-904455-70-7 |location=Norfolk, UK}}{{page needed|date=December 2020}}

Because LAMP is isothermal, which eradicates the need for expensive thermocyclers used in conventional PCR, it may be a particularly useful method for infectious disease diagnosis in low and middle income countries.{{Cite book |last=Macarthur G |url=http://tbevidence.org/documents/rescentre/books/globalhealthdx.pdf |title=Global health diagnostics: research, development and regulation. Academy of Medical Sciences Workshop Report |publisher=Academy of Medical Sciences (Great Britain) |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-903401-20-0 |access-date=2014-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516115210/http://tbevidence.org/documents/rescentre/books/globalhealthdx.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-16 |url-status=dead}} LAMP is widely being studied for detecting infectious diseases such as filariasis,{{Cite journal |last=Poole |first=Catherine B. |last2=Li |first2=Zhiru |last3=Alhassan |first3=Andy |last4=Guelig |first4=Dylan |last5=Diesburg |first5=Steven |last6=Tanner |first6=Nathan A. |last7=Zhang |first7=Yinhua |last8=Evans |first8=Thomas C. |last9=LaBarre |first9=Paul |last10=Wanji |first10=Samuel |last11=Burton |first11=Robert A. |date=2017 |title=Colorimetric tests for diagnosis of filarial infection and vector surveillance using non-instrumented nucleic acid loop-mediated isothermal amplification (NINA-LAMP) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=e0169011 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1269011P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0169011 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5310896 |pmid=28199317 |doi-access=free}} Zika Virus,{{Cite journal |last=Calvert |first=Amanda E. |last2=Biggerstaff |first2=Brad J. |last3=Tanner |first3=Nathan A. |last4=Lauterbach |first4=Molly |last5=Lanciotti |first5=Robert S. |date=2017 |title=Rapid colorimetric detection of Zika virus from serum and urine specimens by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=e0185340 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1285340C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185340 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5612724 |pmid=28945787 |doi-access=free}} tuberculosis,{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geojith G, Dhanasekaran S, Chandran SP, Kenneth J |year=2011 |title=Efficacy of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the laboratory identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in a resource limited setting |journal=J. Microbiol. Methods |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=71–3 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2010.10.015 |pmid=21047534}} malaria,{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poon LL, Wong BW, Ma EH, Chan KH, Chow LM, Abeyewickreme W, Tangpukdee N, Yuen KY, Guan Y, Looareesuwan S, Peiris JS |year=2006 |title=Sensitive and inexpensive molecular test for falciparum malaria: detecting Plasmodium falciparum DNA directly from heat-treated blood by loop-mediated isothermal amplification |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=303–6 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2005.057901 |pmid=16339303 |doi-access=free}}Ponaka, Reddy V. et al. | ASTMH 2015 | Molecular detection of Plasmodium with Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and sensitivity comparison to PET-PCR assay | http://www.ilmar.org.il/diasorin/MBI_MalariaPoster2015-ASTMH_JT_rev3.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120151443/http://www.ilmar.org.il/diasorin/MBI_MalariaPoster2015-ASTMH_JT_rev3.pdf |date=2016-11-20 }}Ponaka, Reddy V. et al. | AMP 2015 | http://www.ilmar.org.il/diasorin/MBI_AMP2015_MalariaPoster102715.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120151451/http://www.ilmar.org.il/diasorin/MBI_AMP2015_MalariaPoster102715.pdf |date=2016-11-20 }} sleeping sickness,{{Cite journal |vauthors=Njiru ZK, Mikosza AS, Matovu E, Enyaru JC, Ouma JO, Kibona SN, Thompson RC, Ndung'u JM |year=2008 |title=African trypanosomiasis: sensitive and rapid detection of the sub-genus Trypanozoon by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of parasite DNA |journal=Int. J. Parasitol. |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=589–99 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.09.006 |pmc=7094514 |pmid=17991469}} and SARS-CoV-2.{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Peter |date=21 May 2020 |title=UK coronavirus test with 20-minute wait being trialled |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/21/uk-coronavirus-test-with-20-minute-wait-being-trialled |work=The Guardian}}{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Gun-Soo |last2=Ku |first2=Keunbon |last3=Baek |first3=Seung-Hwa |last4=Kim |first4=Seong-Jun |last5=Kim |first5=Seung Il |last6=Kim |first6=Bum-Tae |last7=Maeng |first7=Jin-Soo |date=2020 |title=Development of Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays Targeting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) |journal=The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=729–735 |doi=10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.03.006 |pmc=7144851 |pmid=32276051}} In developing regions, it has yet to be extensively validated for other common pathogens.

LAMP has been observed to be less sensitive (more resistant) than PCR to inhibitors in complex samples such as blood, likely due to use of a different DNA polymerase (typically Bst – Bacillus stearothermophilus – DNA polymerase rather than Taq polymerase as in PCR). Several reports describe successful detection of pathogens from minimally processed samples such as heat-treated blood,{{Cite journal |vauthors=Curtis KA, Rudolph DL, Owen SM |year=2008 |title=Rapid detection of HIV-1 by reverse-transcription, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) |journal=J. Virol. Methods |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=264–70 |doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.04.011 |pmid=18524393}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Han ET, Bantuchai S, Buates S |year=2014 |title=Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid diagnosis of malaria infections in an area of endemicity in Thailand |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=1471–7 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03313-13 |pmc=3993686 |pmid=24574279}} or in presence of clinical sample matrices.{{Cite journal |author-link5=Catharina Boehme |vauthors=Francois P, Tangomo M, Hibbs J, Bonetti EJ, Boehme CC, Notomi T, Perkins MD, Schrenzel J |year=2011 |title=Robustness of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction for diagnostic applications |journal=FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=41–8 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00785.x |pmid=21276085 |doi-access=free}} This feature of LAMP may be useful in low-resource or field settings where a conventional DNA or RNA extraction prior to diagnostic testing may be impractical.

LAMP has also been used in helping identify body fluids. With its simplicity, researchers are able to test one or more samples with little hands on time which is helping cut down the time needed to get results. Researchers have also been able to add factors to make identification even more simple including metal-indicator dye and phenol red to be able to use a smartphone and the naked eye respectively to analyze the results.{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Kimberly R. |last2=Layne |first2=Tiffany |last3=Dent |first3=David A. |last4=Tsuei |first4=Anchi |last5=Li |first5=Jingyi |last6=Haverstick |first6=Doris M. |last7=Landers |first7=James P. |date=March 2020 |title=A novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for identification of four body fluids with smartphone detection |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=45 |pages=102195 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102195 |issn=1872-4973 |pmid=31835180 |s2cid=209356926 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last=Layne |first=Tiffany |last2=Jackson |first2=Kimberly |last3=Scott |first3=Anchi |last4=Tanner |first4=Nathan A. |last5=Piland |first5=Annie |last6=Haverstick |first6=Doris M. |last7=Landers |first7=James P. |date=2021 |title=Optimization of novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification with colorimetric image analysis for forensic body fluid identification |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1556-4029.14682 |journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |language=en |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=1033–1041 |doi=10.1111/1556-4029.14682 |issn=1556-4029 |pmid=33559876 |s2cid=231869975|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Kitamura |first=Masashi |last2=Kubo |first2=Seiji |last3=Tanaka |first3=Jin |last4=Adachi |first4=Tatsushi |date=2018-07-01 |title=Rapid screening method for male DNA by using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1661-z |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |language=en |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=975–981 |doi=10.1007/s00414-017-1661-z |issn=1437-1596 |pmid=28803416 |s2cid=4035223|url-access=subscription }}

LAMP is less versatile than PCR, the most well-established nucleic acid amplification technique. LAMP is useful primarily as a diagnostic or detection technique, but is not useful for cloning or many other molecular biology applications enabled by PCR. Because LAMP uses 4 (or 6) primers targeting 6 (or 8) regions within a fairly small segment of the genome, and because primer design is subject to numerous constraints, it is difficult to design primer sets for LAMP "by eye". Free, open-source{{Cite journal |vauthors=Torres C, Vitalis EA, Baker BR, Gardner SN, Torres MW, Dzenitis JM |year=2011 |title=LAVA: an open-source approach to designing LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) DNA signatures |journal=BMC Bioinformatics |volume=12 |pages=240 |doi=10.1186/1471-2105-12-240 |pmc=3213686 |pmid=21679460 |doi-access=free}} or commercial software packages are generally used to assist with LAMP primer design, although the primer design constraints mean there is less freedom to choose the target site than with PCR.

In a diagnostic application, this must be balanced against the need to choose an appropriate target (e.g., a conserved site in a highly variable viral genome, or a target that is specific for a particular strain of pathogen). Multiple degenerated sequences may be required to cover the different variant strains of the same species. A consequence of having such a cocktail of primers can be non-specific amplification in the late amplification.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Multiplexing approaches for LAMP are less developed than for PCR. The larger number of primers per target in LAMP increases the likelihood of primer-primer interactions for multiplexed target sets. The product of LAMP is a series of concatemers of the target region, giving rise to a characteristic "ladder" or banding pattern on a gel, rather than a single band as with PCR. Although this is not a problem when detecting single targets with LAMP, "traditional" (endpoint) multiplex PCR applications wherein identity of a target is confirmed by size of a band on a gel are not feasible with LAMP. Multiplexing in LAMP has been achieved by choosing a target region with a restriction site, and digesting prior to running on a gel, such that each product gives rise to a distinct size of fragment,{{Cite journal |last=Iseki |first=Hiroshi |last2=Alhassan |first2=Andy |last3=Ohta |first3=Naomi |last4=Thekisoe |first4=Oriel M.M. |last5=Yokoyama |first5=Naoaki |last6=Inoue |first6=Noboru |last7=Nambota |first7=Andrew |last8=Yasuda |first8=Jun |last9=Igarashi |first9=Ikuo |date=December 2007 |title=Development of a multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mLAMP) method for the simultaneous detection of bovine Babesia parasites |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=281–7 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2007.09.019 |pmid=18029039}} although this approach adds complexity to the experimental design and protocol.

The use of a strand-displacing DNA polymerase in LAMP also precludes the use of hydrolysis probes, e.g. TaqMan probes, which rely upon the 5'-3' exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. An alternative real-time multiplexing approach based on fluorescence quenchers has been reported.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tanner NA, Zhang Y, Evans TC |date=August 2012 |title=Simultaneous multiple target detection in real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification |journal=BioTechniques |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=81–9 |doi=10.2144/0000113902 |pmid=23030060 |doi-access=free}}

SYBR green dye may be added to view LAMP in real-time. However, in the late amplification, primer-dimer amplification may contribute to a false positive signal. The use of inorganic pyrophosphatase in a SYBR reaction mix allows the use of melt analysis to distinguish correct amplification {{Cite journal |vauthors=Tone K, Fujisaki R, Yamazaki T, Makimura K |date=January 2017 |title=Enhancing melting curve analysis for the discrimination of loop-mediated isothermal amplification products from four pathogenic molds: Use of inorganic pyrophosphatase and its effect in reducing the variance in melting temperature values |journal=J Microbial Methods |volume=132 |pages=41–45 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2016.10.020 |pmid=27984058}}

Although different mitigation strategies have been proposed for false-positive results in assays based on this method, nonspecific amplification due to various factors including the absence of temperature gating mechanisms is one of the major limitations of Loop-mediated isothermal amplification.{{Cite journal |last=Habibzadeh |first=Parham |last2=Mofatteh |first2=Mohammad |last3=Silawi |first3=Mohammad |last4=Faghihi |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Ghavami |first5=Saeid |year=2021 |title=Molecular diagnostic assays for COVID-19: an overview |journal=Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=385–398 |doi=10.1080/10408363.2021.1884640 |pmc=7898297 |pmid=33595397 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last=H Moehling |first=Taylor J |last2=Choi |first2=Gihoon |last3=Dugan |first3=Lawrence |last4=Salit |first4=Marc |last5=Meagher |first5=Robert |year=2021 |title=LAMP Diagnostics at the Point-of-Care: Emerging Trends and Perspectives for the Developer Community |journal=Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=43–61 |doi=10.1080/14737159.2021.1873769 |pmid=33474990 |doi-access=free}}

Lastly, because LAMP requires maintained, elevated incubation temperatures (60–65 °C), some sort of heating mechanism, thermostat, and/or insulator is required (though not necessarily a thermal cycler). This requirement makes LAMP less ideally suited for in the field, point-of-care diagnostics which would ideally function at ambient temperature.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

RNase hybridization-assisted amplification (RHAM) integrates LAMP with RNase HII-mediated fluorescent reporting. This method employs a conventional LAMP primer set to exponentially amplify the target sequence, followed by the hybridization of a ribonucleotide-containing fluorescent probe to the amplification product. RNase HII then cleaves the probe, releasing a fluorescent signal that can be detected.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xiao Z, Liu X, Kang X, Feng Y, Zheng L, Chen C |date=December 2023 |title=Rapid and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 using the RHAM technology |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=22798 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1322798X |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-49733-7 |pmc=10739982 |pmid=38129524}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Charfi R, Guyonnet C, Untrau M, Giacometti G, Paper T, Poyart C, Plainvert C, Tazi A |date=April 2024 |title=Performances of two rapid LAMP-based techniques for the intrapartum detection of Group B Streptococcus vaginal colonization |journal=Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=37 |doi=10.1186/s12941-024-00695-2 |pmc=11046945 |pmid=38664821 |doi-access=free}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification}}

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